Sir Mohammed Iqbal Biography Essay

Sir Mohammed Iqbal was conceived at Sialkot, India (presently in Pakistan), on ninth November, 1877 of a devout group of little vendors and was instructed at Government College, Lahore. He is generally alluded to as Allama Iqbal (Ø ¹Ã¹â€žÃ¸ §Ã¹â€¦ Û  Ø §Ã¹â€šÃ¸ ¨Ã¸ §Ã¹â€žÃ¢â‚¬Å¾, Allama meaning â€Å"Scholar†). In Europe from 1905 to 1908, he earned his degree in theory from the University of Cambridge, qualified as a lawyer in London, and got a doctorate from the University of Munich. His proposition, The Development of Metaphysics in Persia, uncovered a few parts of Islamic mystery some time ago obscure in Europ On his arrival from Europe, he picked up his employment by the act of law, however his notoriety originated from his Persian-and Urdu-language verse, which was written in the traditional style for open recitation. Through idyllic symposia and in a milieu where retaining stanza was standard, his verse turned out to be generally known, even among the uneducated. Practically all the refined Indian and Pakistani Muslims of his and later ages have had the propensity for citing Iqbal. Before he visited Europe, his verse attested Indian patriotism, as in Naya shawala (â€Å"The New Altar†), however time away from India made him move his point of view. He came to reprimand patriotism for a twofold explanation: in Europe it had prompted damaging prejudice and colonialism, and in India it was not established on a sufficient level of basic reason. In a discourse conveyed at Aligarh in 1910, under the title â€Å"Islam as a Social and Political Ideal,† he demonstrated the new Pan-Islamic bearing of his expectations. The repetitive topics of Iqbal’s verse are a memory of the evaporated wonders of Islam, an objection about its current wantonness, and a call to solidarity and change. Change can be accomplished by reinforcing the person through three progressive stages: acquiescence to the law of Islam, poise, and acknowledgment of the possibility that everybody is conceivably a vicegerent of God (na'ib, or mu'min). Moreover, the life of activity is to be liked to parsimonious renunciation. Three critical sonnets from this period, Shikwah (â€Å"The Complaint†), Jawab-e shikwah (â€Å"The Answer to the Complaint†), and Khizr-e rah (â€Å"Khizr, the Guide†), were distributed later in 1924 in the Urdu assortment Bang-e dara (â€Å"The Call of the Bell†). In those works Iqbal gave exceptional articulation to the anguish of Muslim weakness. Khizr (Arabic: Khidr), the Qur'anicâ prophet who poses the most troublesome inquiries, is imagined bringing from God the puzzling issues of the mid twentieth century. Reputation came in 1915 with the distribution of his long Persian sonnet Asrar-e khudi (The Secrets of the Self). He wrote in Persian since he looked to deliver his intrigue to the whole Muslim world. In this work he presents a hypothesis of the self that is a solid judgment of oneself invalidating quietism (i.e., the conviction that flawlessness and otherworldly harmony are accomplished by uninvolved retention in consideration of God and awesome things) of old style Islamic magic; his analysis stunned numerous and energized contention. Iqbal and his admirers consistently kept up that innovative self-insistence is a central Muslim righteousness; his faultfinders said he forced topics from the German logician Friedrich Nietzsche on Islam. The rationalistic nature of his reasoning was communicated by the following long Persian sonnet, Rumuz-e bikhudi (1918; The Mysteries of Selflessness). Composed as an antithesis to the independence lectured in the Asrar-ekhudi, this sonnet called for self-give up. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . Lo, similar to a light grappling with the night †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . O’er my own self I pour my flooding tears †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I spent my self, that there may be all the more light, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. .. More perfection, more euphoria for other men. The Muslim people group, as Iqbal considered it, should adequately to instruct and to urge liberal support of the standards of fellowship and equity. The secret of magnanimity was the concealed quality of Islam. At last, the main good method of dynamic self-acknowledgment was simply the penance of the in the administration of causes more prominent than oneself. The worldview was the life of the Prophet Muhammad and the gave administration of the principal devotees. The subsequent sonnet finishes Iqbal’s origination of the last predetermination of oneself. Afterward, he distributed three increasingly Persian volumes. Payam-e Mashriq (1923; â€Å"Message of the East†), written because of J.W. von Goethe’s West-à ¶stlicher Divan (1819; â€Å"Divan of West and East†), avowed the all inclusive legitimacy of Islam. In 1927 Zabur-e ‘Ajam (â€Å"Persian Psalms†)â appeared, about which A.J. Arberry, its interpreter into English, composed: â€Å"Iqba l showed here an out and out unprecedented ability for the most fragile and wonderful of every single Persian style, the ghazal,† or love sonnet. Javid-nameh (1932; â€Å"The Song of Eternity†) is considered Iqbal’s gem. Its topic, suggestive of Dante’s Divine Comedy, is the rising of the artist, guided by the extraordinary thirteenth century Persian spiritualist Jalal promotion Din ar-Rumi, through all the domains of thought and experience to the last experience. Iqbal’s later distributions of verse in Urdu were Bal-e Jibril (1935; â€Å"Gabriel’s Wing†), Zarb-e kalim (1937; â€Å"The Blow of Moses†), and the after death Armaghan-e Hijaz (1938; â€Å"Gift of the Hejaz†), which contained refrains in both Urdu and Persian. He is viewed as the best artist in Urdu of the twentieth century. Upon his arrival to India in 1908, Iqbal took up colleague residency at the Government College in Lahore, yet for money related reasons he surrendered it inside a year to provide legal counsel. During this period, Iqbal’s individual life was in disturbance. He separated Karim Bibi in 1916, however offered money related help to her and their kids for a mind-blowing remainder. While keeping up his legitimate practice, Iqbal started focusing on profound and strict subjects, and distributing verse and artistic works. He got dynamic in the Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam, a congress of Muslim scholarly people, essayists and artists just as government officials, and in 1919 turned into the general secretary of the association. Iqbal’s contemplations in his work basically centered around the profound course and advancement of human culture, revolved around encounters from his movement and remain in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was significantly impacted by Western rationalists, for example, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson and Goethe, and before long turned into a solid pundit of Western society’s division of religion from state and what he saw as its fixation on realist interests. The verse and theory of Mawlana Rumi bore the most profound effect on Iqbal’s mind. Profoundly grounded in religion since youth, Iqbal would start seriously focusing on the investigation of Islam, the way of life and history of Islamic progress and its political future, and hold onto Rumi as â€Å"hisâ guide.† Iqbal would include Rumi in the job of a guide in a significant number of his sonnets, and his works concentrated on helping his perusers to remember the past wonders of Islamic development, and conveying a message of an unadulterated, otherworldly spotlight on Islam as a hotspot for socio-political freedom and enormity. Iqbal reproved political divisions inside and among Muslim countries, and as often as possible insinuated and talked as far as the worldwide Muslim people group, or the Ummah. Iqbal’s first work distributed in Urdu, the Bang-e-Dara (The Call of the Marching Bell) of 1924, was an assortment of verse composed by him in three unmistakable periods of his life.[4] The sonnets he reviewed to 1905, the year Iqbal left for England soak up enthusiasm and symbolism of scene, and incorporates the Tarana-e-Hind (The Song of India), prominently known as Saare Jahan Se Achcha and another sonnet Tarana-e-Milli (Anthem of the (Muslim) Community), which was made in a similar meter and rhyme conspire as Saare Jahan Se Achcha. The second arrangement of sonnets date from somewhere in the range of 1905 and 1908 when Iqbal concentrated in Europe and stay upon the idea of European culture, which he underlined had lost otherworldly and strict qualities. This propelled Iqbal to compose sonnets on the verifiable and social legacy of Islamic culture and Muslim individuals, not from an Indian yet a worldwide viewpoint. Iqbal desires the worldwide network of Muslims, tended to as the Ummah to characterize individual, social and political presence by the qualities and lessons of Islam. Sonnets, for example, Tulu’i Islam (Dawn of Islam) and Khizr-e-Rah (The Guided Path) are particularly acclaimed. Iqbal wanted to work for the most part in Persian for a dominating time of his vocation, however after 1930, his works were predominantly in Urdu. Crafted by this period were regularly explicitly aimed at the Muslim masses of India, with a much more grounded accentuation on Islam, and Muslim profound and political stiring. Distributed in 1935, the Bal-e-Jibril (Wings of Gabriel) is considered by numerous pundits as the best of Iqbal’s Urdu verse, and was propelled by his visit to Spain, where he visited the landmarks and heritage of the realm of the Moors. It comprises of ghazals, sonnets, quatrains, quips and conveys a solid sense strict passion.[4] The Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq (What are we to do, O Nations of the East?) incorporates the sonnet Musafir (Traveler). Once more, Iqbal portrays Rumi as a character and an article of the puzzles of Islamic laws and Sufi observations is given. Iqbal mourns the dispute and disunity among the Indian Muslims just as Muslim countries. Musafir is a record of one of Iqbal’s excursions to Afghanistan, in which the Pashtun individuals are directed to become familiar with the â€Å"secret of Islam†

Lockheed Martin Essay Example for Free

Lockheed Martin Essay Question: By laying of Lockheed Martin workers, does it influence the future deals of the organization? Articles: Lockheed Martin Not Giving Layoff Notices, At White House Request, Lockheed Martin Drops Plan to Issue Layoff Notices, and Lockheed Martin compromises enormous cuts I. Presentation The Lockheed Martin Corporation removed its approaching CEO, Christopher Kubasik, for having a cozy relationship with a subordinate at the protection contractual worker. They constrained him to leave after the examination saw it as inappropriate direct, which damaged Lockheed Martin’s code of morals. Be that as it may, Mr. Kubasik felt that his undertaking didn't meddle in any capacity with his activity execution. There have as of late been some spending cuts at the Pentagon, and temporary workers are attempting to acclimate to the changes. The Lockheed Martin executives supported advancing Ms. Hewson, a temporary worker; since they accept she performs well in other administration jobs. She had been with Lockheed since 1983, and will promptly become president and head working official of the partnership. II. Discoveries A. Cutbacks (discovering 1) 1. Pending occupation cuts 2. Alerts (the WARN Act) 3. Less compensation B. Spending cuts (discovering 2) 1. Decrease in Pentagon burning through ($500 billion) 2. Limited the potential for waste and interruption related with the issuance of unwarned cutback takes note. 3. Less spending C. Littler workforce 1. 18% littler 2. Employing pace is more slow 3. Less employments accessible = littler workforce III. Examination A. Partner examination B. Money saving advantage investigation C. Six reasoning cap IV. End In light of the discoveries and investigation, by laying off Lockheed Marin workers, it would influence the organization and future deals adversely. Since there will be mass employment cuts, the organization will gradually begin to break down and will self-destruct through and through.

Deadlines, myStatus and Materials - The Cliff Notes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Deadlines, myStatus and Materials - The Cliff Notes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Deadlines, myStatus and Materials The Cliff Notes At this point in the the Admissions process, everyone (my office included) is somewhat worn out, exhausted, but glad that we have survived the deadline. Here are a few random thoughts about the process over the next few weeks. The myStatus page is updated every business day during the early morning (and occasionally a rare afternoon), so it is not a live update. If your teacher submits a recommendation letter today, it will not appear today. The mail takes time to get here! I received an email yesterday from a student who said that her teacher mailed the recommendation letter yesterday, and it was not showing up yet on the myStatus page yet. Reality check! We have received over 20 bins of mail, and we can only open so much, scan so much, and input so much in a day. Faxes will be shredded! We hate staples. We really hate staples! A postmarked deadline means when it is put in the mail, not when it gets to us. And remember, we will work with you on missing items (up to a point). Make sure your teacher knows your real name, and how to spell it. I have tracked down at least 5 letters today with last names spelled wrong, 10+ with the first name as something other than the official first name, and two with just a first name on the letter. It happens, and we deal with it, so be patient. Patience, patience, patience! We import test scores within a few business days of receiving the score reports. They do not go in instantly, as it takes several different offices to get them in correctly. If it has been a while since your scores were suppose to be in UGAs hands, look at your score report to make sure it was sent to UGA, that your name is the same on the score report and the application, that your correct SSN is on the score report, etc. If there is no SSN and the name or bdate is different (and you have been patient), then contact us about it to see if we can hand match the scores. Did I mention that we shred faxes and hate staples? We want to complete your application file, so make sure that all materials are sent, and work with us. If you contact us, give us the details of the situation (when something was sent, the name it was sent under, how it was sent, etc.). As well, remember that we want to work with you, so be pleasant and patient. Do not do a mass email to the entire admissions staff, or call 2+ admissions counselors in the hopes that this will speed up your situation. This only slows things down and causes us to become frustrated, as we are now all working with one student instead of multiple students. You do not have to send things multiple times right away, as that slows down the process in our office. I just looked at a file where three transcripts came in within a one day period. Did I mention patience? How about faxes? Relax, enjoy this semester, and know that we are working hard to get all the files complete and reviewed. Make sure to track your application on the myStatus page, and give us 8-10 business days from when something is sent in to UGA to then get it into your file. Go Dawgs!

Noëls Vocabulary, Traditions and Decorations

Whether you are religious or not, Christmas, Noà «l (pronounced â€Å"no el†) is an important holiday in France. Since the French don’t celebrate Thanksgiving, Noà «l is really the traditional family gathering. Now, many things have been said about Christmas in France, and its particular traditions such as the thirteen desserts, but many of these traditions are regional, and unfortunately tend to disappear with time.   Right now, across France, here are seven traditions you could be expecting: 1. Le Sapin de Noà «l — The Christmas Tree For Christmas, traditions asks that you go get a Christmas Tree â€Å"un sapin de Noà «l†, decorate it and set it in your house. Some people would plant theirs back in their yard. Most will just get a cut tree and throw it away when it is dry. Nowadays, many people prefer to have a synthetic tree you can fold and reuse every year. â€Å"Les dà ©corations (f), les ornements (m)† are more or less precious but it is mostly in the US that I’ve heard the traditions of passing on ornements through generations. It is not a very common thing in France. Its not really clear when to set up the sapin de Noà «l. Some set it on Saint Nicks day (December 6th) and remove it on the 3 King Day (lEpiphanie, January 6th). Le sapin de Noà «l - Christmas treeLes aiguilles de pin - pine needlesUne branche - a brancheUne dà ©coration - a decorationUn ornement - an ornamentUne boule - a ball / an ornamentUne guirlande - a garlandUne guirlande à ©lectrique - an electrical garlandL’à ©toile - the star 2. La Couronne de Noà «l — Christmas Wreath Another Christmas Tradition is to use wreaths on your doors, or sometimes as a table centrepiece. This wreath may be done of twigs, or of a fir branch, may have glitter, feature fir cones and if placed on a table, often surrounds a candle. Un centre de table - a centrepieceUne couronne - a wreathUne brindille - a twigUne branche de sapin - a fir branchUne pomme de pin - a fir coneUne bougie - a candleUne paillette - a glitterDe la neige artificielle - artificial snow 3. Le Calendrier de l’Avent — Advent Calendar This is a special calendar for kids, to help them count the days before Christmas. Behind each number is a door, which reveals a drawing, or a nook with a treat or a little toy. This calendar is usually hung in a communal room as to remind everybody of the countdown before Christmas (and keep an eye on the â€Å"door† openings so that the kids won’t just eat all the chocolate before Christmas...) Un calendrier - a calendarL’Avent - AdventUne porte - a doorUne cachette - a hiding spotUne surprise - a surpriseUn bonbon - a candyUn chocolat - a chocolate 4. La Crà ¨che de Noà «l — The Christmas Manger Nativity Another important Christmas tradition in France is the nativity: a little house with Mary and Joseph, an ox and a donkey, the star and an angel, and eventually baby Jesus. The nativity set can be larger, with the 3 kings, many shepherds and sheep and other animals and village people. Some are very old and in the South of France, the little figurines are called â€Å"santons† and can be worth quite a lot of money. Some family make a paper crà ¨che as a project for Christmas, others have a tiny little one somewhere in their house, and some churches would have a live nativity scene during the Christmas mass. Traditionally, baby Jesus is added on December 25th in the morning, often by the youngest child of the household. La crà ¨che - the manger/ nativityLe petit Jà ©sus - baby JesusMarie - MaryJoseph - JosephUn ange - an angelUn boeuf - an oxUn à ¢ne - a donkeyUne mangeoire - a mangerLes rois mages - the 3 kings, the 3 wise menL’à ©toile du berger - the star of BethlehemUn mouton - a sheepUn berger - a shepherdUn santon - manger figurines made in the South of France 5. About Santa, Shoes, Stockings, Cookies and Milk In the old days, children would place their shoes next to the fireplace and hope to get a little present from Santa, such as an orange, a wooden toy, a little doll. Stockings are used instead in the Anglo-saxon countries.   In France, most new houses do not have a fireplace, and the tradition of placing your shoes by it has totally disappeared. Although he does bring the presents on his sleigh, in France what Santa does is not that clear: some think he comes down the chimney himself, some believe he sends a helper or just magically places the gifts on the shoes (if he is an old-fashioned Santa) or under the Christmas tree. In any case, there is no clear tradition of leaving cookies and milk for him†¦ Maybe a bottle of Bordeaux and a toast of foie gras? Just kidding†¦ Le Pà ¨re Noà «l - Santa (or Saint Nicolas in the North-East of France)Le traineau - the sleighLes rennes - reindeersLes elfes - elvesLe Pà ´le Nord - North Pole 6. Christmas Cards and Greetings It’s customary in France to send out Christmas/ Happy New Year cards to your friends and family, although this tradition is disappearing over time. If its better to send them before Christmas, you have until January 31st to do it. Popular Christmas greetings are: Joyeux Noà «l - Merry ChristmasJoyeuses fà ªtes de Noà «l - Merry ChristmasJoyeuses fà ªtes - Happy Holidays (more Politically Correct since not Religious) 7. Les Marchà ©s de Noà «l — Christmas Markets in France Christmas Markets are little villages made up of wooden stalls (called chà ¢lets) which pop up in the center of towns in December. They typically sell decorations, local products and vin chaud (mulled wine), cakes, biscuits and gingerbreads as well as many handcrafted items. Originally common in the North-East of France, they are now popular throughout France - there is a huge one on les Champs Elysà ©es in Paris.

Essay on Love in Toni Morrisons Beloved - 646 Words

Love is said to be one of the most desired things in life. People long for it, search for it, and crave it. It can come in the form of partners, friends, or just simply family. To some, love is something of a necessity in life, where some would rather turn a cold shoulder to it. Love can be the mixture of passion, need, lust, loyalty, and blood. Love can be extraordinary and breathtaking. Love being held so high can also be dangerous. Love can drive people to numerous mad things with it dangerously so full of craze and passion. In Toni Morrisons Beloved, there were many different love filled and driven relationships. There are family relationships between siblings, and relationships between mother and children. There are relationships†¦show more content†¦Sethe is not simply attempting to kill her children just for the sake of doing it; she sees no other option for the betterment of their lives. Sethe is attempting to take the lives of her children out of pure love and the o pportunity to not drag them through a life of suffering. It is shown that after the act of taking the life of Beloved and attempting the life taking of Denver, Howard, and Buglar, that Sethe truly does love her children. The way Sethe tried to go about saving her children seems unethical and horrible, but there did not seem to be all too many options for Sethe to save her children from the slave life. Howard and Buglar left Sethe and Denver to get away from Sethe, they had even warned Denver about what she had attempted to do to them. Although Howard and Buglar ran from Sethe and there was the attempted murder in the barn, Sethe still thinks of them because they are her children. Denver was tossed as an infant that day in the barn, and she clearly survives. Even after all the events and situations created from the presence of Beloved there is still a strong bond of love between Sethe and Denver. Sethe loves Denver very much, she is her one surviving child that is still with her. Den ver has a longing for Beloved. Beloved is her sister and she needs that ghost around. It is as if Beloved is a part of Denver. When they are in the cold room and Denver believes that Beloved leaves Denver cries out because she needsShow MoreRelatedThe Contrasting Nature Of Love Explored In Toni Morrisons Beloved1374 Words   |  6 PagesIn her novel Beloved, Toni Morrison explores the paradoxical nature of love both as a dangerous presence that promises suffering and a life-giving force that gives the strength to proceed; through the experiences of the run-away slave Sethe. The dangerous aspect of love is revealed through the comments of Paul D and Ella regarding the motherly love of Sethe towards her children. 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And it is developed through... the spiraling reiteration of larger, mythical acts such as birth, death, rebirth, quest-journeys, and the formation and disintegration of families†Read More Memory in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesMemory in Toni Morrisons Beloved       Memories are works of fiction, selective representations of experiences actual or imagined. They provide a framework for creating meaning in ones own life as well as in the lives of others. In Toni Morrisons novel Beloved, memory is a dangerous and debilitating faculty of human consciousness. Sethe endures the tyranny of the self imposed prison of memory. She expresses an insatiable obsession with her memories, with the past. Sethe is compelled to exploreRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved, The Bond Between A Mother And Daughter1540 Words   |  7 PagesLove transcends to a spiritual level, allowing for a more intimate connection with the family. Nevertheless, terrible events can blur this concept between being healthy or dangerous. In Beloved, by Toni Morrison, the bond between a mother and daughter is a strong, unbreakable force, like in any family. However, that doesn’t guarantee that it will always be good; it can also be a toxic relationship that slowly kills one or both partners of the bond mentally and physically. Everyone wishes to be lovedRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved 1310 Words   |  6 Pages Mommy Issues: A â€Å"Beloved† Response Essay Late in 1987, after being inspired by a fellow story of a female fugitive slave, Toni Morrison pens a novel about a runaway slave and her children. Although Morrison’s â€Å"Beloved† quickly became a best-seller, and even has a movie adaption, it still left the audience with many unanswered questions. This novel not only gave a voice to those who were often silenced in the male stories of slavery, but it also perfectly exemplified the relationship was betweenRead MoreLove and Trauma: Exploring Magical Realism in Toni Morrison ´s Beloved843 Words   |  3 Pages Toni Morrison uses a variety of literary techniques in the novel Beloved, however, the most dominant technique is that of magical realism. The term magical realism was created in the early twentieth century, originally to describe a new style in German painting, but later applied to Latin American fiction (Faris 1). This technique blends realistic narrative with supernatural elements in such a way the reader does not question the impossibility of these events. Magical realism is used in this novelRead MoreToni Morrisons Beloved Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagessubstantial damage to a person’s psychological development. 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Morrison is a well known American author, editor, and professor who won the Nobel

Barbie Doll Free Essays

Barbie Topic: Barbie General Function: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the history of the Barbie Doll. Organization Design: Topical Introduction Attention-Arousing and Orienting Material: When you think long hair, perfect skin, trendy clothes, and a rockin’ body, what comes to every little girls mind? Barbie of course! Credibility: As a child I had a Barbie or two, or twenty. When the day was rainy and no friends could come over and play I always knew my dear friends Tara and Tonya would be there for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Barbie Doll or any similar topic only for you Order Now They were my favorite Barbie. They were twins, only because one Christmas I received the same doll from two different sides of the family. Both with long brown hair like me. In a way I felt like we were triplets. Hey! Every girl can dream. Thesis statement: Barbie was known to be every little girls friend and best secret keeper. Preview of the Main Points: First I will inform you a little about who had the brilliant idea of Barbie. Secondly I will give you the history of the very first Barbie. Lastly I will describe the changes of Barbie from then until now. Transition: Let me start off by telling you who the master mind behind Barbie was) Body I: The Barbie doll was invented in 1959 by Ruth Handler, whom referred to herself as â€Å"Barbie’s Mom† A: Ruth (co-founder of Mattel) invented and anatomically improbable molded plastic statuette named Barbie. 1. Ruth was born November 4, 1916 in Colorado. 2. She lived 84 long years before kicking the bucket on April 27, 2002 i n Los Angeles, CA. 3. Ruth was the first to invent, first to patent, the doll we call Barbie. B: After watching her daughter spend long hours making paper dolls, she knew there had to be a better way 1. Ruth wanted every little girl to have the chance to be who she dreamed of 2. With Barbie it was possible for every girl to escape from life’s busy times. 3. She could grab her Barbie and BOMB†¦ she was all the sudden imagining roles as college students, cheerleaders, and adults with any desirable career. 4. She wanted to better facilitate the way young girls were playing with their dolls. (Transition: Who is Barbie? II: Barbie, invented in 1959 is the icon for both a steady outlet for girls dreams and a ever changing reflection of the American society. A. Unlike the baby dolls, Barbie had an adult bod 1. Barbie represents a woman of choice 2. Barbie can be a doctor today, and live off her dads money tomorrow. 3. Even in the early years of Barbie she didn’t have to settle for only being Kens Girlfriend. B. The first Barbie was sold for $3 1. Her additional cl othing, based on latest runway fashion was sold for $1-5 . In the first years, 300,000 Barbie’s were sold. C. There’s not just one type of Barbie 1. In 1965, Barbie had bendable legs and eyes that opened and closed 2. In 1967, Barbie’s waist could now twist and turn 3. The best seller was released in 1992, the â€Å"totally Hair Barbie† (Transition: Barbie has underwent a couple â€Å"surgeries† over the years) III: Barbie has changed a lot over the past 54 years A. Barbie now days are a bite different 1. From the first Barbie to the ones now day a lot has changed 2. Some of these changes are a. Arched back b. Underwear are now flesh colored c. Her ribcage is more deflated d. She gained a butt B. Barbie’s clothes have become more reveling 1. Her first outfit (the 1 piece black and white swimsuit) is now a string bikini 2. Skirts have become shorter 3. Dresses are a lot tighter C. The first Barbie’s didn’t really branch out as far as hair colors and skin tones. 1. Today Barbie’s come in every hair color 2. Her skin is darker in some than others 3. The first black Barbie was introduced in 1980 Conclusion Signal of end: In Conclusion Summary statement: You didn’t know there was that much to know about our miniature us did you? Neither did I. The fact that Ruth got such a brilliant idea from just watching her daughter play, or how much history was in such a small thing. And all the changes a plastic doll can make on young girls life. Concluding Remarks: I just want to leave you with some words form Ruth herself. â€Å"Every little girl needed a doll through which to project herself into her dream of her future. If she was going to do role play of what she would be like when she was 16 or 17 is was a little stupid to play with a doll that had a flat chest. So I gave it beautiful breasts. Work Cited http://ic. galegroup. com/ic/ovic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow? failOverType=query=prodId=OVICwindowstate=normalcontentModules=mode=viewdisplayGroupName=Magazineslimiter=currPage=disableHighlighting=falsedisplayGroups=sortBy=source=search_within_results=action=ecatId=activityType=scanId=documentId=GALE%7CA225073904 ttp://ic. galegroup. com/ic/ovic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow? failOverType=query=prodId=OVICwindowstate=normalcontentModules=mode=viewdisplayGroupName=Magazineslimiter=currPage=disableHighlighting=falsedisplayGroups=sortBy=source=search_within_results=action=ecatId=activityType=scanId=documentId=GALE%7CA215000037 How to cite Barbie Doll, Papers

Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic M

Question: Describe about the Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic Management Research? Answer: Introduction The present report will discuss about the importance as well as the implications of strategic management process. In order to enlighten, the report with proper concept of strategic management, the researcher has chosen the organisation Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall; one of the well known companies of the United Kingdom. The researcher has been appointed as a strategic consultant in this study, for a new client organisation. The new client organisation of the researcher is Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall, an automotive and energy Storage Company. It delivers luxury electric cars along with other vehicles and battery products. As per the record of 2015, around 12,000 employees are employed currently in that organisation (Tesla Motors 2016). As a strategic consultant, the researcher provides a justified proposal for a change in their strategy to boost the shareholder value. As per the annual report of Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall, the total revenue that the organisation has obtained is $4.05 billion (Tesla Motors 2016). It has been found that Tesla Motors has been successfully increasing their revenue from the past 5 years. The below table shows the revenue that the organisation has acquired in last 5 years: Year Total Revenue 2011 $204.24 M 2012 $413.26 M 2013 $2.01 B 2014 $3.2 B 2015 $4.05 B Table 1: Annual Revenue of Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall (Source: Tesla Motors 2016) The below table displays the main sections of expenses of Tesla Group and their gross income in past 5 years: 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) $142.65M $383.19M $1.56B $2.32B $3.12B SGA Expenses $313.08M $424.35M $517.55M $1.1B $1.7B Interest expense $43,000 $254,000 $22.13M $100.89M $118.85M Gross Income $61.6M $30.07M $456.26M $881.67M $923.5M Table 2: Financial report of Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall (Source: Tesla Motors 2016) It has been shown in the above table, that all the expenses of the company were increased, though by a small amount in 2015 comparing to the prior year. Hence, it results in a small amount of increase in the gross income. In the present competitive market, Tesco Motors confronts more and more challenges from both the market and its competitors. Currently, it faces issues in obtaining competitive advantages over its major competitors. Therefore, the company needs to implement effective strategies to generate more revenue as well as profit. It would also help to achieve comparative advantages. At present market, the major competitors of Tesla Motors are Ford Motor Company, Federal Signal, General Motors, Honda Motor Company, Toyota Motor Corp., Nasdaq-listed Kandi Technologies, Wabcoetc. The luxury cars delivered by its competitors provide high competition to the Tesla Motors cars. These products include Mercedes-Benz S-Class, BMW 7-Series, BMW 6-Series, Audi A7 etc. Among these, Mercedes-Benz S-Class provides highest competition and it has grabbed the market more in comparing to others in the year of 2014. In 2015, Tesla has successfully increased their sales of electric cars. The below table displays the sales figure of the sales of these two products: Products No. of cars sold in 2014 No. of cars sold in 2015 Mercedes-Benz S-Class 25276 21934 Tesla Model S 18480 26566 Table 3: Sales figure in comparison to its highly competitive product (Source: Tesla Motors 2016) Tesla successfully made continuous growth of the model Tesla Model S. The product has brought most of the revenue among selling other Tesla products (Refer to Appendix 1). Though, they received threats from its the competitive product Mercedes-Benz S-Class. Proper strategic management is needed to acquire strong competitive advantages. Strategic Analysis of Environment Through environmental analysis, an organisation can identify all of its internal and external factors that affect the performances of the business (Mangematin and Baden-Fuller 2015). Analysing these factors or elements, an organisation comes to know its present strengths as well as weaknesses. Besides, this strategic tool helps an organisation to address its current threat and opportunities. The business of Tesla Motors is influenced much by their internal and external environment. In order to understand this environment analysis, the PESTEL analysis can be used to know the affect of the various factors on the organization (Rosenbaum-Elliott Percy and Pervan 2015). PESTEL analysis of Tesla Motors: Political: As stated by (Popkova et al. 2015), national or international trade along with labour laws is engaged in all the industries. Political force is one of the major factors of the business of Tesla Motors. The company relies on the government policies and the subsidies that the government provided to make their product more affordable (Chen Delmas and Lieberman 2015). Therefore, their business is affected by the decision of the politicians and policy makers. Economic: Economy is the core factor that affects an organisation in operating their business (Goldfarb and King 2016). As Tesla produces luxury electric cars, the consumers tend to spend their money on the alternatives of low fuel costs. Therefore, they confront challenges in obtaining comparative advantages. Social: According to (Audretsch 2015), an organisation should give importance to the social factors in order to generate superior performances. As Tesla provides cleaner sources of energy, the environment conscious consumers prefer to purchase their product to reduce the pollution. Technological: In todays modern market of increasing technology, the consumers have more options in their hands (Engert Rauter and Baumgartner 2016). In terms of technology, Tesla faces both threats and opportunity. Developing new technology to enhance their clean energy space brings the opportunity. In contrast, new technology developed and utilised by its competitors creates more threat for the company. Environment: People become more conscious about environmental pollution. Therefore, it brings a positive signal for the company. Legal: Government forcing laws and regulations create legal constraints for manufacturing and supplying the luxury products. The PESTEL analysis helps the researcher to do the SWOT analysis of the organisation. Through the SWOT analysis, the researcher will come to know the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the respective organisation. SWOT analysis of Tesla Motors: Strength: Technology is the major strength that the respective company has in present (Aguinis Edwards and Bradley 2016). The organisation is completely committed in enhancing their clean energy space. They will enhance their business through improving their existing technology. Through technological development, Tesla Motors is successfully able to provide responses to social environments (Morden 2012). Weakness: The products that the company delivers are quite expensive and thus it is not affordable to the consumers. Currently, they confront production constraints. This is the prime reason behind their high priced products. Further, they face issues in supply chain management. The products are sold by their own outlets. Opportunity: Tesla has a positive point in clean energy market, as they increase their clean energy sources. Besides the electric cars, they manufacture alternative energy products, such as battery. It helps them to increase their sales as well as revenue. Threat: The major threat that the company faces is obtain competitive advantage over their competitors. The major competitors of the company try to deliver alternatives at lower prices with clean energy space. Being a strategic consultant, the researcher provides some effective strategies that would direct the company for the next 3 years. The PESTEL and SWOT analysis help the researcher in this context. Strategies Strategic Matrix with SWOT Plan of strategy making and implementation Review of implementation Time Period Provide training programs to the production team Strength and Opportunity Tesla Motors has the strong point in the technological field. It has embraced new technologies, and thus they have the opportunity to utilise their strengths as well. By providing training programs, they will able to increase their existing technology. The management body will record the actions taken by the team on a weekly basis. This way, they would able to address the present concerns and resolve them within a shorter duration 6 months Innovation in product design and increase sales Opportunity vs. Weakness They have the opportunity to expand their business by introducing new technology. At present, they fail to compete with its major competitors in terms of selling luxury products. Thus, the researcher suggests that keeping updated about the latest technology would be beneficial. The researcher goes on to suggest that the company should engage all their stakeholders along with the manufacturer team. Through discussion, they can share their ideas and it would help them to select the best one. The managers will pursue a sequential order to share the ideas of all the stakeholders. This way, it will also motivate the employees to fulfil their targets. 6 months Price strategy Weaknesses and Threats The company has its biggest threat from its competitors in terms of product price. The production constraint is the prime factor behind their high production cost. Further, poor supply chain management policies create threats in acquiring competitive advantages. The researcher suggests that if they decrease their product price they can grab the world market to a greater extent. It would help them to enhance their business. This will help them to deal with the threat that they receive from the competitors. Initially, the organisation has to spend greater capital to make more profits in the long run. 6 months Supply chain management Threat vs. Strength As Tesla Motors has the strong point in technology, it can implement its strategy well. Weakness in supply chain management creates more threat. Therefore, the researcher suggests increasing their supply chain along with new technology to increase the sales. The company has to keep a track record of the actions they would take. This will help them to proceed in right direction. 18 months Table 4: Strategic Plan for next 3 years (Source: Created by Author) Strategic purpose of the Company The strategic purposes of Tesla Motors are made by centralising the mission and vision of the company. Their vision is to become most compelling car manufacturing company by delivering most fashionable and functional model of electric cars. On the other way, their mission is to deliver safety products to the customers. Their primary concern is safety of the customers instead of safety of their vehicles. Through analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the company, the researcher has introduced some specific strategies to deal with the challenges which they confront in the present situation. The strategies would help them to achieve both their short term as well as the long term goals. Teslas short term goal is to generate more revenue along with more profit and more cash by improving their technology. Recently, their new product Powerwall batteries have been launched. It has been stated before that high price has created constraints in the path of increasing sales. Moreover, it prevents the company in acquiring more revenue. Therefore, the researcher has included the pricing strategy in the strategic plan of the company. Through pursing proper pricing strategy, they would able to lower their product price. This will cause increase in production, supply and sales as well. At the same time, the company needs to focus on the production constraints. Production constraint is the root of the problem of their high price product (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). By reducing the production expenditure, the company would able to increase their revenue as well as profit. As a result, it would help the company to decrease their growing expenses and increase their sales. In the strategic plan, the researcher has included that the company needs to bring innovation in their production. Consumers are always attracted by the latest luxury products, thus they expect much against the high prices they pay. Furthermore, they confront constraints in improving their clean energy space. As the competitors are trying to include clean energy space in their production and are offering alternative products at cheaper price, the company fails to obtain competitive advantage. Beside the short term goal, their long term goal is based on improving the products of automobiles. The researcher has included the strategic plan of supply chain management and training programs by keeping their long term goal in mind. Poor supply chain management process is another reason due to which the company is facing lower revenues. The supply can be set by outlining the current demand or predicting the future demand (Clarke 2012). The increasing competitive pressure is one of the major factors of supply chain management that the management body should pay heed to (Priem Li and Carr 2012). Analysing the competitive pressure, the researcher suggests increasing their supply chain. Being the strategic consultant, the researcher recommends providing training programs to its employees to improve their employability skills. According to (Keupp Palmi and Gassmann 2012), it is one of the key strategies that the employers should pursue in order to motivate the employees and increase their effectiveness in workplace. It has been found that, the company is facing high competition from its competitors in selling their products. High amount of substitutes are available in the market. Majority of consumers are attracted by the goods that they can get at lower price. Therefore, the staffs need to enhance their skills and knowledge to improve their product quality. Through enhancing the product quality and minimizing the cost, they would able to generate more revenue and obtain competitive advantages. Strategic Management for Growth As per the viewpoint of (Ward 2012), proper strategic management helps an organisation to increase the value of their business. After making strategies, the management body of the organisation needs to implement them in a proper way for sustainable growth and development (Lasserre 2012). Being appointed as a strategic consultant in Tesla Motors, the researcher discusses about their strategic management process. The researcher suggests the company to include Porters 5 forces strategy analysis for sustainable growth. (Kaplan and Norton 2012) added in this context that it is the most effective tool for analysing where the business power lies. This helps the organisation to understand their competitive position in the business market. This particular model would help the respective organisation to utilise their strengths and improve their weaknesses as well. Porters 5 forces analysis can be utilised in the strategy management process for maintaining continuous growth (Refer to Appendix 2). Threat of new competitors In the growing competitive market, the firms face more competition when placing their own business at a greater position across the world market (Kapferer 2012). It has been found that the profitability markets of luxury cars attracted new firms and increased the competition of the respective company. High product price is the key disadvantage that the company has and it creates advantage for its competitors. Therefore, they need to include strategies for future uncertainty that might hamper their business. Threats of substitutes Currently, the company is facing major challenge in terms of the availability of the alternative products. The competitors successfully deliver the substitute products to the consumers at lower price. Hence, the company needs to include pricing strategies to deal with the challenge. Power of the buyers The buyers bargaining power affects the pricing policies of an organisation and puts the market under pressure. It has been mentioned before that the buyers tend to purchase alternative products at lower prices. Thus, the company needs to reduce the price of their products to retain the existing customers and attract the new ones. Power of the supplier The suppliers of the raw materials and other components have the power of bargaining when fewer amounts of substitutes are available. As Tesla produces a unique product, they purchase their raw materials from specific suppliers. Therefore, they face increased expenditure challenges due to the bargaining power of its suppliers. Competitive rivalry In order to deal with the competitive rivalry, the company needs to obtain sustainable competitive advantages by including innovation strategies. Pricing strategy and training programs for the employees are the key strategies that the researcher has considered for innovation. The researcher further suggests that they should include the Ansoffs Growth Matrix to lead the business towards growth. As per the statement of (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012), it is one of the effective marketing planning tools that helps an organisation to determine their product and growth strategy. Ansoffs Growth Matrix covers the areas of market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification (Refer to Appendix 3). By selling their existing products in their existing markets, the company can reduce the risk of introducing new products. The business would be at an uncertain stage to sell their new products and generate the expected profit from that. Apart from this, market development is needed to sell the existing products in the new market. Product development is the prime strategy that is required to increase the product quality. Effective research and development along with innovation is needed to acquire competitive advantages over its competitors. Diversification is the strategy of selling new products in the new market. Through this strategy, the company will able to grab new markets and enhance their business. Being the strategic consultant, the researcher considers Mintzbergs management policy to provide proper managing direction. As stated by Mahoney and Qian (2013), this specific management policy mentions ten prime roles of a manager that includes Figurehead, Leader, Liaison, Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson, Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, and Negotiator. These are the essential roles to implement the strategic policies of the respective organization properly (Refer to Appendix 4). Through utilizing strategy management policies, the researcher has targeted the revenue as well as profit for next 3 years. It is depicted in the below table: 2016 2017 2018 Expected Revenue $6.01B $8.14B $10B Expected Profit $1.5B $1.9B $2.5 Table 5: Expected revenue and target for next three years (Source: Created by Author) Process of Strategic Implementation The external and internal environment analysis of Tesla Motors is showing that the company is having different risk factors from various aspects such as political, environmental, social, economical and legal. Moreover, the internal environment analysis of the company emphasizes that the company is manufacturing products, which are expensive in comparison to the competitors products (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). In addition, the company is facing trouble regarding their production capacity, which is directly hampering the organizational profitability remarkably. The most important issues within this organization, is that Tesla does not have any supply chain process. The company is solely responsible for increasing the availability of their products among the targeted market. Thus, the company does not have any distributors or dealers among the targeted market (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). In order to mitigate these issues, the above-mentioned strategies need an effective imp lementation process. Following is the implementation process of each strategy along with the time requirements. Implementing low pricing strategy In order to implement low pricing strategy, the company needs to assess the current market value of the products. It will help Tesla Motors in gathering knowledge regarding how the rival companies are conducting sustainable business in the competitive market. Apart from that, assessing the current pricing strategy of the rival organization is important for gaining competitive advantages (Apenko 2014). The aim of the company is to overcome all the challenges within three years and therefore, the company needs to implement this low pricing strategy within six months after initiating the plan. It is highly important to increase the production unit for maintaining profitability while reducing the price. Therefore, the company needs to hire adequate employees for increasing productivity during this time (Bettis et al. 2015). Moreover, the company needs to conduct a survey session with the consumers in order to understand whether they are satisfied with the products or not. Thereafter, it will be easy for the company to implement a pricing strategy, which will effectively attract consumers towards the products. Low pricing strategy will help the company in retaining the existing and new consumers from the targeted market (Hair et al. 2012). However, a low pricing strategy will also reduce profitability of the company and therefore, it is highly important for the company to implement this particular strategy after conducting an effective market research (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Implementation of employee training process The internal and external environment analysis of Tesla Motors is emphasising that the company is facing trouble with production. The major reason of production issue of the company is inadequacy of employee knowledge (Boyd et al. 2012). Therefore, the strategy is focusing on implementing training process for the employees. In this competitive era, every organization is relying upon innovative technology. Therefore, Tesla needs to improve their technological aspects along with employees knowledge. This training process has to be done within 12 months after implementing the low pricing strategy. In this period, the company needs to empower employee knowledge regarding innovation and requirements of innovation within the organization. In order to overcome production constraints, it is highly important to increase employees knowledge regarding new technologies (Vogel and Gttel 2013). However, implementing a rapid change within the organization can hamper organizational profitability and therefore, the company needs to conduct the change management in a stable manner. Process of implementing supply chain management Supply chain is a complex process, which helps an organization to increase availability of products among the targeted market. However, Tesla Motors does not have any supply chain process and therefore, the company is facing trouble with low availability of products. Consumers are unable to avail the products due to insufficiency of retail store among the targeted markets (Mahoney and Qian 2013). Therefore, this strategy can facilitate the company by increasing availability of products. As this process is complex, it will take the maximum time for identifying the dealers and wholesalers within the targeted market (Keupp, Palmi and Gassmann 2012). In order to achieve the organizational objectives, the company needs to implement a lean supply chain management within 18 months after implementing the above-mentioned strategies. A lean supply chain process is effective for increasing product availability along with reducing the supply cost. Gantt chart: The Gantt chart displays the plan of strategy implementation over 3 years planning horizon (Refer to Appendix 5). Essential Conditions Value addition to the stakeholders The forecasted strategies are focusing on strengthening the organizational profitability by reducing product price and increasing productivity of the employees. The above-mentioned strategies are helpful for internal and external stakeholders of Tesla Motors (Fisher and Oberholzer-Gee 2013). The first strategy that aims at reducing the product price will facilitate the external stakeholders. The consumers will be able to avail the products at a lower price. Apart from that, the consumers will be able to avail best quality products at low prices and therefore, the product value will increase for them. Eventually, these strategies will facilitate the new consumers of the organization who will be able to get the products at more low prices (Bergh et al. 2014). Thus, the organization will be benefited through gaining loyal consumers in competitive market. Following is how the internal and external stakeholders will be benefited by the strategies. Internal stakeholders Internal stakeholders are the board members, staffs and other internal associates that can be affected by the strategies of organization. Management of an organization and the consumers are the internal stakeholders for an organization (Chen, Delmas and Lieberman 2015). Moreover, the employee training strategy will improve knowledge of the employees and therefore, the employees will be able to adopt innovative technologies. When it comes to the employees, the newly implemented strategy will enable the employees to increase their knowledge. In this manner, they will be able to understand organizational requirements, which are highly important for maintaining a healthy working environment (Boyd et al. 2012). Employees will be retained in this manner and the company will be able to gain competitive advantages due to high employee retention. The entire planning of achieving the objectives consists of increasing the communication with employees. It is highly important for an organization to maintain effective communication with the employees and therefore, the forecasted strategies will benefited the employees in sharing their concerns with the higher management in an easier manner (Apenko 2014). If the higher management of Tesla Motors is able to communicate with each employee, then the management will be able to retain employees by reducing their apprehensions in an effective manner. Apart from that, the management of the organization will be facilitated by the strategies in a remarkable manner (Boyd et al. 2012). Following these strategies, production of the organization will increase and therefore, the company will be able to reduce the product price. The overall profitability of the organization can be increased by selling high units at low price. In other words, management of Tesla will be benefited by attracting mo re consumers from the targeted market. As the strategies are consisting of increasing suppliers, it will help the management in gaining competitive advantages in an effective manner. External stakeholders External stakeholders of an organization are consumers, government, suppliers and other communities (Fisher and Oberholzer-Gee 2013). The strategies implemented by the consultant will increase the chances for the consumers to avail products at low prices. Apart from that, the company is also considering the productivity frequency, which will help the consumers in getting the product in mass quantity. In order to facilitate the consumers, the company is planning to reduce product price and along with that, the company is focusing on increasing product availability among the market (Chen, Delmas and Lieberman 2015). In this manner, the consumers will be able to purchase products from different locations. Currently, Tesla does not have any distributor or dealers and therefore, the consumers are not able to purchase the products due to insufficient product availability. The newly implemented strategy will help the consumers to mitigate this challenge in an effective manner (Vogel and Gttel 2013). The aim of the company is to increase the overall profitability, which will also facilitate government is gaining increased tax amount. Therefore, it can be said that the planned strategies are also beneficial for the governments as well. If the suppliers are taken into consideration, then it will be effective for the suppliers to grab the entire market, because there will be no competition within the suppliers in the initial stage (Bergh et al. 2014). The suppliers will be able to maintain a sustainable profitability, which is beneficial for them. Conclusion After conducting this report, it can be concluded that strategic management process is a complex process, which needs effective process of implementation for getting successful outcomes. Tesla Motors is a reputed organization in the field of electric cars and power storage and therefore, the company is having a fair internal operation, which is facilitating the organization. Apart from that, there are many limitations that are found while conducting the internal and external environment analysis of Tesla Motors. Thus, this report is focusing on solutions to those concerns, which have been found during the environment analysis. The strategies forecasted in this report are focusing on improving the pricing strategy, employee knowledge and supply chain of the company. These strategies are helpful for various stakeholders of the company in different aspects. The overall report is showing how the implemented strategies are helping employees and other stakeholders of Tesla Motors in gainin g advantages. Annex: Reference List Aguinis, H., Edwards, J.R. and Bradley, K.J., 2016. Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic Management Research.Organizational Research Methods, p.1094428115627498. Audretsch, D.B., 2015.Everything in its place: Entrepreneurship and the strategic management of cities, regions, and states. Oxford University Press. Bergh, D.D., Connelly, B.L., Ketchen, D.J. and Shannon, L.M., 2014. Signalling theory and equilibrium in strategic management research: An assessment and a research agenda.Journal of Management Studies,51(8), pp.1334-1360 Boyd, B.K., Haynes, K.T., Hitt, M.A., Bergh, D.D. and Ketchen, D.J., 2012. Contingency Hypotheses in Strategic Management Research Use, Disuse, or Misuse?.Journal of Management,38(1), pp.278-313 Chen, C.M., Delmas, M.A. and Lieberman, M.B., 2015. Production frontier methodologies and efficiency as a performance measure in strategic management research.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), pp.19-36. Clarke, S., 2012.Information systems strategic management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Fisher III, W.W. and Oberholzer-Gee, F., 2013. Strategic management of intellectual property.California management review,55(4), pp.157-183 Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Pearson Goldfarb, B. and King, A.A., 2016. Scientific apophenia in strategic management research: Significance tests mistaken inference.Strategic Management Journal,37(1), pp.167-176. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T.M. and Ringle, C.M., 2012. The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications.Long range planning,45(5), pp.320-340 Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P., 2012. Transforming the balanced scorecard from performance measurement to strategic management: Part I.Accounting horizons,15(1), pp.87-104. Keupp, M.M., Palmi, M. and Gassmann, O., 2012. The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.367-390 Lasserre, P., 2012.Global strategic management. Palgrave Macmillan. Mahoney, J.T. and Qian, L., 2013. Market frictions as building blocks of an organizational economics approach to strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,34(9), pp.1019-1041 Mangematin, V. and Baden-Fuller, C., 2015. Introduction: Business Models and Modelling Business Models.Business Models and Modelling (Advances in Strategic Management, Volume 33) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. xi-xxii,33. Morden, M.T., 2012.Principles of strategic management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Popkova, E.G., Abramov, S.A., Ermolina, L.V. and Gandin, E.V., 2015. Strategic Effectiveness Evaluation as Integral Part of the Modern Enterprise Management.Asian social science,11(20), p.16. Priem, R.L., Li, S. and Carr, J.C., 2012. Insights and new directions from demand-side approaches to technology innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management research.Journal of management,38(1), pp.346-374. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L. and Pervan, S., 2015.Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA. Vogel, R. and Gttel, W.H., 2013. The dynamic capability view in strategic management: a bibliometric review.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(4), pp.426-446 Ward, K., 2012.Strategic management accounting. Routledge. Wilson, R.M. and Gilligan, C., 2012.Strategic marketing management. Routledge. Bibliography Apenko, S.N., 2014. Leadership of human resources and project teams in the management of strategic changes in the organization.Strategic Management,19(1), pp.28-34 Bettis, R.A., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2015. Qualitative empirical research in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,36(5), pp.637-639 Chen, C.M., Delmas, M.A. and Lieberman, M.B., 2015. Production frontier methodologies and efficiency as a performance measure in strategic management research.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), pp.19-36. Engert, S., Rauter, R. and Baumgartner, R.J., 2016. Exploring the integration of corporate sustainability into strategic management: A literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.2833-2850. Hill, C., Jones, G. and Schilling, M., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning Keupp, M.M., Palmi, M. and Gassmann, O., 2012. The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.367-390. Company Evidence Tesla Motors. (2016). [online] Teslamotors.com. Available at: https://teslamotors.com/about [Accessed 3 Mar. 2016].

10 Fun Facts about DePaul University

Did you know The Walking Deads Michael Rooker and Fall Out Boys Pete Wentz both went to the same university? Specifically, DePaul University, where Michael Rooker pursued Drama and Pete Wentz actually studied political science. Here are 10 other fun facts that you probably didn’t know about DePaul: 1. Originally called St. Vincent’s College, the school re-chartered as DePaul University in 1907 and offered courses to all men and women regardless of religious backgrounds to prevent from being closed down. 2. In 1911, DePaul University became the first Catholic university in the nation to admit women and be a co-educational school. 3. DePaul University is the largest Catholic university by enrollment in the United States. 4.. DePaul’s law school was the first law school in Illinois to admit women and Jewish students. 5. If you’re a TV buff, you’ll be excited to know that Criminal Minds’ Joe Mantegna, X Files’ Gillian Anderson, Archer’s Judy Greer, and The Walking Dead’s Michael Rooker. 6. Established in 1912, DePaul’s Driehaus College of Business is one of the 10 oldest business schools in the U.S. 7. One of DePaul University’s residence halls, Seton Hall, was ranked 3 out of 15 best residence halls in 2012. 8. Fall Out Boy’s bassist, Pete Wentz, studied political science at DePaul, but dropped out to pursue music, just 10 weeks from graduation! 9. The university takes its green initiatives very seriously, installing over 70 water-bottle refill stations all over campus. 10. DePaul’s mascot is a blue demon, which has gone through many forms until they settled on DIBS: Demon in a Blue Suit. Are you looking to apply to DePaulor just starting to build outyour college list? Make sure to search through profiles of students accepted to see essays, stats, and advice. See how they got in, and how you can too!

The Nature of Psychology essays

The Nature of Psychology essays Psychology, as we know it today, is the science of behavior and mental processes. It helps us to understand why people think, feel, and act the way they do. Psychology is a science just like Biology and Philosophy, both of which have had a major impact on psychology. Psychology is a word that encompasses many aspects, but probably the best way to understand its exact definition is to understand that it focuses solely on being a science of behavior and mental processes. The word psychology itself has a route in Greek language as meaning knowledge about soul life. The symbol for psychology also happens to be a Greek symbol known as psi. Psi is a letter from the Greek alphabet and is from where we get the word Psychology, and other related terms beginning with Psych-. There are many components that make up psychology, and each component has a corresponding face that goes with it. Body of knowledge is one such component and its face is teaching. Another component is the set of investigative methods which has the face of research. Lastly, array of techniques is a component and therapy is its face. Psychology has certain goals for understanding behavior that it tries to accomplish through various methods. The basic, general goals of psychology is to answer what, why when, and how. What is for a description, to describe the behavior. Why is an explanation, to try and explain why the behavior is the way it is. When is a prediction of behavior that predicts a certain time for a particular issue. How is used when we want to modify behavior in behavior modification. There are many specialized sub fields within psychology, being that it is such a broad science. Clinical psychologists are in one sub-field of psychology that I would personally find to be the most interesting. Their job description is more or less working ...

Term paper of Digital Cinema class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the flag state measures Essay

Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the flag state measures - Essay Example Flag state, port state and trade measures are implemented for promoting responsible operations of fisheries. Flag state measures in relation to a fishing vessel, are the rules implemented by the state under whose laws the fishing vessel is registered or licensed. In the case of a fishing vessel that is not registered or licensed under the laws of any state, the term refers to actions taken by the state whose flag the fishing vessel is entitled to ply2. Port state measures refers to the â€Å"inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements for international regulations, and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules†3. Trade measures are trade related tools for improving fisheries management, including measures to monitor and enforce compliance with Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), trade regulation under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and other trade-related acts4. The issue of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is being highlighted by the international fisheries policy agenda in recent years. This is because IUU fishing not only undermines the sustainability of fisheries management methodology both domestically and internationally thereby impacting ocean biodiversity, but also has detrimental economic and social outcomes. Hence, ensuring the sustainability of fisheries by promoting responsible fishing, is now being increasingly focused on5. Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a growing threat to sustainable fisheries management and marine biodiversity. It occurs in all fisheries whether they are operated in areas under national jurisdiction or on the high seas. A number of international policy instruments that address the management of world fishery resources, also cover the issue of IUU fishing. In spite of the

Overview of Translation and Translation Training

Overview of Translation and Translation Training LITERATURE REVIEW Background of translation (300w) According to Newmark (1988), translation is a process of rendering the meaning of information from a language (usually called source language) into another language (usually called target language) following the intention of the author, the purpose of the information themselves and the demand of the target languages readers. Translation, sometimes, is a definition used for both written and oral transferring; however, it is considered as written information transferring more often. Oral transferring refers to interpretation. In this research, we define translation as the transferring process of written information from a source language into another target language, which can [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] convey its original tone and message and blind the barrier of cultural and regional diversity between the two languages. There are now available two popular methods of translation: semantic translation and communicative translation. It is classified so based on the comparison in meaning and contents with the source languages texts. Semantic translation is considered as faithful translation, this translation method looks on the author, his/her words choice, structure and expression are saved carefully. Whereas, communicative translation looks on the readers, the purpose of this method is to give information, so the translator should render the meaning and the aim of the article. There are also other methods of translation, such as: word for word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, adaption, free translation, idiomatic translation, etc. The function or the nature of translation, similar to language is to communicate. As a result, a good translator should not only choose one suitable method for the text or only focus on transferring the messages from one language into another. A good translator can, however, deliver those to the readers of the target language and balance the both cultures and regions in his/her translation. To meet this demand, a translator should understand the writing of the target language thoroughly and know the socio-cultural situation of the text deeply. According to Harris Brian (1976), translation should continue to be practiced in our secondary schools and might even be extended in some places to primary school. Being a good translation, a learner has no choice but practicing to improve his/herself. Background of translation training (700w) Wu Lei (1999) defined translation training as a process where the application of translation theories is widely spread or delivered to linguistic learners. To clarify the importance of translation, Wu Lei has taken an example in China, where translation is an indispensable element in industrialization and modernization process of the country. Moreover, translation shows its influence in analyze the professional of linguistic learners. Their profession in translation reflects the abilities of them in both their mother tongue and the foreign languages because, a learner have to master at least both of the languages to ensure becoming a translator. In conclusion, people realize the roles of translation in both linguistic training and in the distribution of a country. Although translation has appeared and marked its importance for thousand years with the mission of contributing the world, motivating knowledge discovery, enhancing human life as a mean for communicating and interacting among cultures and regions; translation studies has just been recognized since the 20th century. It is no doubt that translation training is still included in the new area to study, in compare with its appearance and its undeniable roles in the development of human being. In China, translation is taught, generally, in the third year, after linguistic students of a university finish their advanced writing courses or after they finish the course about 4-basic English skills in China. In compare with Vietnam, the linguistic students can also have a chance to study translation and theories of translation in the first year like Schools of Foreign languages or Hanoi University. It is taught so because the students may cope with many difficulties in translation learning if their four basic English skills is not professional. In addition, translation training in the early year just focuses on translating materials from other languages into the translators mother tongue. Not until the development of industrialization and modernization process in some countries, particularly in asia, happens, does translating from the translators mother tongue into other languages catch more attention. Despite the awareness of people about translation roles in modern time, translation methodology and training faces many difficulties. The experts understand that translation must concentrate on the cultural difference or, in other words, it is that translation into target language should be accurate, accurate means that ensuring the whole meanings of sentences or a document, and the cultural suitability of the translated texts. A translator must make sure that they have a wide range of background knowledge about every field and area and master all the linguistic skills required. Nowadays, translation teaching is clearly illustrated in two main ways. The first way is that the lecturer first gives the piece of writing for the students to translating. After that, the students will translate it into the target language and explain the methodology they use and skill related to the exercises. The second way, theories and methodologies are delivered to the learners first, then, they will use them to translate a given text. These two methods still have their disadvantages, especially, they base on the profession of the lecturers. A lecturer should have knowledge on all aspects of the world and master all translating skill and theories to deliver them to their learners correctly and effectively; it says that, a lecturer has to be extremely hard-working and excellent. Moreover, it expresses the limitation in learning materials, self-practicing and human resources. The problem is that learners who want to improve themselves cannot just rely on their lecturers but on pr acticing itself. In terms of reference resources, students could get the information in parallel texts. Printed dictionaries, company sites and specialized press in addition to online dictionaries. These tools can be a convenient guide during translation processing, along with in-class activities, for terminology and documentation purposes. In general, due to the shortage of materials and research about translation training until now, the resources about how to learn and to teach translation at university are still limited, except for practicing and improving oneself. The roles of human in translation process is undeniable, however, writing in his research about Machine Translation over fifty years, John Hutchins (1976) said that, although internet and technology in 20th century is not developed enough to meet the need of people in translating fields, machine translation will be used more widely in the future. It leads to the fact that a translator should try harder to win the limitation of machine translation and to meet the requirements of the market. For more optimistic, John strongly highlighted on the development of technology that can play a role as a supporter for human, especially translator in the future. An Overview of ICT and e-learning (500-600w) Definition of ICT (100w Thanh) Generally, ICT or Information and Communicative Technologies are understood as technologies that support activities involving information. More specifically, according to Random House Dictionary, ICT is defined as a branch of knowledge (as cited in Khaled S. Lynne B.) that includes the combination of informatics technology with other, related technologies, specifically communication technology (Gokhe, p. 1), and as referred by Stephen Heppell, is the foundation of creativity and productivity (as cited in Megha Gokhe, p. 1). It is a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, ad to create, disseminate, store and manage information (Meenaksi, 2013) which implies to be used, applied and integrated into all activities related to life, society and particularly in education. E-learning: An application of ICT in daily life (150w Cà ´ng) ICT has been applied in many ways in daily life. Celebic and Rendulic (2011) indicate several applications of ICT, namely providing internet services such as e-commerce, e-banking and e-government; facilitating e-learning and teleworking environments; and setting up virtual communities. The concept of e-learning varies in different research studies. In the broadest sense, e-learning means any form of learning that is enabled electronically (Abbad, Morris, Nahlik, 2009; Celebic, Rendulic, 2011). Its concept, however, is narrowed down to mean any learning that is internet-enabled or web-based (LaRose, Gregg Eastin, 2003 as cited in Abbad et al., 2009). E-Learning brings about many benefits for students, teachers and educational institutions. Firstly, e-learning benefit students by improving access to education and training (Alexander, 2001; as cited in Gilbert, Morton, Rowley, 2007); giving them adaptive time, place and pace of learning; providing them with unrestricted repetition of lectures; and creating multimedia environment with video, audio and text (Celebic Rendulic, 2011). Besides, for teachers and educational institutions, it reduces costs of conducting teaching, enables educational staff to implement the respective education in a short time and allows simple upgrade of materials. (Celebic and Rendulic, 2011). Web-based Learning and Web-based Application in Translation Training (1400w) Definition and current situation of Web-based learning and Web-based Application in Translation Training (200w Thanh) Web-based learning is defined as a subset of e-learning and refers to learning using an internet browser such as the Moodle, Blackboard or Internet Explorer (Mikre, 2011, Operational definition of terms). SarÄ ±ca (2008) defines web-based learning theory as education that occurs only through the Web, that is, it does not consist of any physical learning materials issued to students or actual face to face contact (Theory of Web-Based Learning, Web-Based English Language Learning). Cook (2007) states web-based learning encompasses all educational interventions that make use of the internet (or a local intranet) (p. 37). Currently, web-based education is a promising field with the rising number of students enrolled in online classes (Su, Bonk, Magjuka, Liu, Lee, 2005). Several studies (Lewis, Alexander Farris, 1997; Waits Lewis, 2003) estimates that the number of students taking distant programs has gone up from around 750,000 to more than three million within six academic years from 1994-1995 to 2000-2001 (as cited in Su et al., 2005). This learning form requires a network like the World Wide Web which enables language learners to overcome the physical barriers in terms of time and space and quickly access materials in many foreign languages and cultures. Peter J. Yangs article mentions several advantages of learning via networks including access to authentic materials, flexible scheduling, location independence and enhanced communication (n.d., pp. 81-82). Roles of web-based learning (400w Thanh) SarÄ ±ca identifies several roles including knowledge generation, collaboration and process management. In a web-based learning setting, the learner is expected to work out solutions to problems. Also, they are responsible for viewing issues and questions of the teacher and other students. Besides, students in the web-based learning environment are recommended to work collaboratively and cooperatively so as to come up with deeper levels of understanding of the course material. They are expected to share the resources and materials that they are finding with alternative learners. As for the role of process management, students are supposed to participate with minimal guidelines, interact with one another and speak up when the discussions are moving into an uncomfortable zone (SarÄ ±ca, 2008, p. 6). Strengths and Weaknesses (300w Cà ´ng) In general, online learning environment offers many advantages in comparison with traditional classrooms. Evans and Fan (2002) suggest three main benefits of learning online, namely place independence, flexible time and adaptive pace for study (as cited in ODonoghue, Singh Green, 2004). In addition, e-learning enables learners to select proper courses and learning material that can be reviewed as many times as necessary to enhance their understanding and specific skills (Jingyu, 2014). However, the learners may face several challenges and risks during online courses. Jingyus study (2014) shows unreasonable time management may pose them to the possibility of procrastination. As a result, learners must have much self-motivation, wise organization and plan to keep up with online courses (Jingyu, 2014). Besides, another concern is the loss of face-to-face interaction. The 2011 study carried by the University of Plymouth implied that online environment reduced both student-instructor int eraction and the interaction with learners peers, which can cause feelings of isolation (as cited in ODonoghue, Singh Green, 2004). According to Micu and Sinu (2012), web-based tools has both advantages and disadvantages in terms of teaching and learning language translation. As to teaching written translation, they rely on the Internet accessibility. Regarding learning translation, Abraham indicates (2003) that students may benefit from web-based machine translation sites, online dictionaries, and language-related websites are sources that may frequently be consulted and used by foreign language learners (as cited in Micu Sinu, 2012, p. 124). However, they may misguidedly use these web-based tools due to lack of discussion and employment of such resources as part of their class activities. Another negative aspect is that resources from the Internet are not always reliable and of good quality since anyone can post information on the Web, including non-experts, and Web documents are not always subject to an editing process in the same way that printed documents usually are (Bowker, 2003 as cited in Micu Sinu, 20 12, p. 124). Constructing and Utilizing Web Applications (500w Cà ´ng) Background and construction of web applications Over the years, the World Wide Web has rapidly evolved from a delivery system for static documents to a popular platform today for programming distributed web applications. According to Stuttard and Pinto (2011), the World Wide Web formerly consisted only of information repositories that contained static documents, and the information flowed in one way, from server to browser. Nowadays, most websites are highly functional applications counting on two-way flow of information between the server and browser (Stuttard Pinto, 2011). Joshi, Aref, Ghafoor and Spafford (2001) illustrate a web application as a three-tier architecture that consists of a Web client, network servers, and a back-end information system supported by a suite of databases. (p. 38). Chlipala (2015) claims that a web application of rich functionality today must generate HTML, for document structure; CSS, for document formatting; JavaScript, a scripting language for client-side interactivity; and HTTP, a protocol for sending all of the above and more, to and from browsers. Common functions of a web app include shopping, social networking, banking and interaction information, etc. (Stuttard Pinto, 2011). Vosloo (n.d.) refers to using a Content Management System (CMS) and using a web framework as two main ways of building web applications today. CMSs, normally coming with such pre-built modules as discussion forums, FAQs and online polls, allows non-technical users with little knowledge about web development to add pages and content. A web framework, on the other hand, is intended for a more technical user. Web frameworks originate from the reusable code that is put in libraries for doing tasks repeatedly (Vosloo, n.d.). Utilizing the Web App and Interaction in online learning In her article, Sarica (2008) points out communication technologies are classified as asynchronous or synchronous. In the former one, technologies such as blogs, forum and e-mail are utilized so that people can participate and engage in the community without depending on others involvement at the same time. The later form synchronous, on the other hand, involves real-time activities of exchanging ideas and information among participants. The participants can take advantages of web-based learning because they can access resources in multiple formats anytime and anywhere as well as learn more independently and actively. Interaction is often regarded as a significant component of a successful online learning. Palloff and Pratt (1999) claim that the keys to the learning process are the interactions among students themselves, the interactions between faculty and students, and the collaboration in learning that results from these interactions (as cited in Su et al., 2005, p.1). In addition, the evidence from some other research (Irani, 1998; Zhang Fulford, 1994; Zirkin Sumler, 1995) suggests more interaction means more students satisfaction and better learning outcomes (as cited in Su et al., 2005). Moore (1989) classified interaction into three categories, namely learner-instructor, learner-learner and learner-content. Learner-instructor interactions create an environment in which students are encouraged to have better understandings about the content. Moore also indicate that learner-learner interactions take place among learners with or without the real-time presence of an instructor (as cited in Su et al., 2005). According to Garrison (1990), this type of interaction is found to motivate students and enable them to have better learning experiences (as cited in Sabry Baldwin, 2003). Sabry and Baldwin (2003) pointed out two forms of learner-learner interactions including asynchronously (non-real time) through using, for example, email or discussion boards, or synchronously (real-time) using, for example, conferencing and chat facilities (p. 445). Learner-content interaction is defined as the process of learners interacting intellectually with content, leading to changes in th eir understanding and perspective (Moore, 1989 as cited in Su et al., 2005). However, there is not much to discuss about it because interaction patterns vary on different contents (Su et al., 2005). Other types of interactions (as cited in Su et al., 2005, p.3) that are not widely discussed include vicarious interaction (Devries, 1996; Sutton, 2001) and learner-self interactions (Soo Bonk, 1998; Robertson, 2002). Su et al. (2005) suggest several technologies and instructional activities that will enhance learners understanding the subject matter and deepen their critical reflection and analysis skills. Some frequently used technologies that may be applied in online education to promote interactions include textbooks; multimedia combining texts, audio and images via the Internet or CD-ROM; streaming audio and video; as well as synchronous and asynchronous communication tools, for instance discussion boards, instant messaging and file-sharing (McGreal, 2004 as cited in Su et al., 2005). The study by Gilbert, Morton and Rowley (2007) showed that students appreciated discussion forums or threads, and that many used them as their main mode of interaction. In addition to technologies, instructional activities can also promote course interactions, thus enable students to understand the content better and improve their engagement in learning. Su et al. (2005) also cited several examples of educators employing instructional activities to enhance interactions and improve learning. Learner-instructor, for example, can be enhanced through virtual office hours (Branon Essex, 2001). Teamwork is emphasized in learner-learner interactions by Peter (2000). Likewise, Sutton (2001) stimulated students to read others discussions to learn through vicarious interactions. In respect of learner-content interactions, Kerka (1996) recommends students reply to questionnaires so that they can self-examine their views related to the content (as cited in Su et al., 2005). References Meenakshi. (2013). Importance of ICT in Education. IOSR, 1(4), 3-8. Retrieved from www.iosrjournals.org Mikre, F. (2011). The Roles of Information Communication Technologies in Education. Ethiop. J. Educ. Sc, 6(2). Retrieved from http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejesc/article/viewFile/73521/62437 Abbad, M. M., Morris, D., Nahlik, C. d. (2009). Looking under the Bonnet: Factors Affecting Student Adoption of E-Learning Systems in Jordan. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(2), 2. Abbasi, G., zadeh, S. S., Janfaza, E., Assemi, A., Dehghan, S. S. (2012). Language, Translation, and Culture. 2012 International Conference on Language, Medias and Culture (p. 83). Singapore: IACSIT. Celebic, G., Rendulic, D. I. (2011). ITdesk.info project of computer e-education with open access. Zagreb: Open Society for Idea Exchange. Retrieved from http://www.ITdesk.info/ Chlipala, A. (2015). Ur/Web: A Simple Model for Programming the Web. Mumbai: ACM. Clavijo, B., Marà ­n, P. (2013). Identifying Translation Teaching Strategies: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(21), 71-76. Cook, D. A. (2007). Web-based learning: pros, cons and controversies. Clinical Medicine, 7(1), 37-42. Retrieved from http://www.ncolr.org/ Gilbert, J., Morton, S., Rowley, J. 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Retrieved from http://ilts.ir/Content/ilts.ir/Page/142/ContentImage/A%20Textbook%20of%20Translation%20by%20Peter%20Newmark%20(1).pdf ODonoghue, J., Singh, G., Green, C. (2004). A comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of IT based education and the implications upon students. Interactive Educational Multimedia, 63-76. Sabry, K., Baldwin, L. (2003). Web-based learning interaction and learning styles. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(4), 443-454. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ SarÄ ±ca, G. N. (2008, May 6). WEB-BASED ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING. EskiÃ…Å ¸ehir, Turkey. Stuttard, D., Pinto, M. (2011). The Web Application Hackers Handbook: Finding and Exploiting Security Flaws. Indiana: John Wiley Sons. Su, B., Bonk, C. J., Magjuka, R. J., Liu, X., Lee, S.-h. (2005). The Importance of Interaction in Web-Based Education: A Program-level Case Study of Online MBA Courses. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 4(1), 1-5. Retrieved from http://www.ncolr.org/ Vosloo, I. (n.d.). Web-based development: Putting practice into theory. Retrieved from http://www.cs.up.ac.za/cs/sgruner/Festschrift/paper20.pdf à Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾, à Ã¢â‚¬Å". (2008). THE WORLD OF INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATING. à Ã…“à Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜-à Ã‚ ². SarÄ ±ca, G. N. (2008, May 6). Web-based English Language Learning. Paper presented at the 8th International Educational Technology Conference, Anadolu University, EskiÃ…Å ¸ehir, Turkey. Su, B., Bonk, C. J., Magjuka, R. J., Liu, X., Lee, S.-h. (2005). The Importance of Interaction in Web-Based Education: A Program-level Case Study of Online MBA Courses. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 4(1), 1-5. Retrieved from http://www.ncolr.org/ Yang, P. J. (n.d.). Networked Multimedia and Foreign Language Education. CALICO, 15(1-3), 80-82. Retrieved from https://calico.org/html/article_444.pdf