Lord of the Flies and Animal Farm

Percy Bysshe Shelley once said, â€Å"Power, like a desolating pestilence, pollutes what’er it touches. † He meant that when somebody acquires a reasonable amount of control or power over others, that dominance will eventually corrupt them. The corruption can quickly get to the point of extreme savagery emerging over respectable leadership, causing the people who are being ruled to suffer great hardship. This is exemplified in the novel,  Lord of the Flies,  by William Golding and in the film,  Animal Farm,  directed by John Halas and Joy Batchelor.In Lord of the Flies Jack begins as an innocent young choir boy who later on rises as a leader and turns into a vicious savage when the power goes to his head. Similarly in Animal Farm Napoleon initially promotes equality for all, but soon becomes corrupt and desires full power and control above all of the animals other after he gains authority. Both texts show that people will do almost anything to obtain and keep po wer whether it is fear or violence. In Lord of the flies Ralph is originally elected as the leader of the island, this was due to Ralph summoning the rest of the boys using the conch.The conch represents power, civilisation and order in the novel as it gives whoever is holding it the power of speech. As the boys became less civilised and more savage the conch started to deteriorate so did the boys society. Ralph led the boys with fairness, order and rules. He set jobs for the boys and listed goals he considered important to achieve. The main goal he set was to be rescued he considered a signal fire the best way to get the attention of a passing ship. Jack thought that gathering meat and hunting was the most important goal.Jack became leader of the hunters this was his first step into gaining absolute power. On the first hunt Jack was unable to kill the pig. This shows that at this point Jack still had morals and was not yet corrupt. Eventually Jack was able to kill a pig this shows Jacks loss of innocence and the start of his corrupt behaviour. Jack’s power soon escalates he offers the other boys meat, which is deemed as important by nearly all of the boys except for Ralph and Piggy. Jack soon starts his own tribe all the boys, bar Ralph and Piggy join up.This gives Jack what he had hoped for all along absolute power over the island. Jack and the boys now participates in daily hunts this shows Jacks corruption at its largest extent as after each hunt Jack becomes more and more savage and his power constantly grows along with it. Jack also uses fear of the beast to gain more power. Jack gave a sense of security and safety from the beast so the boys wouldn’t leave his tribe. Jack also controls the hunters who are the strongest and most savage on the island.The other boys are too afraid to leave Jack’s tribe as they fear they will be hunted. In Animal Farm, Snowball is originally elected as leader after their evil human owner is overthrown. S nowball treats all the other animals equally. Snowball and the other animals write 7 rules which must be followed by all animals. The seventh and most important rule is â€Å"All animals are equal†. This is very similar to Golding’s use of the conch in Lord of the Flies as, the society starts to corrupt the pigs change to rules to keep up with their corrupt ways.From the beginning of the film Napoleon one of the pigs wants to become sole leader of the farm, even though this would completely contradict the beliefs which all animals agreed on from the start. Showing that Napoleon is a power hungry character from the start, this resembles Jack and his need for power. Napoleon then uses a pack of trained dogs to kill Snowball after an argument. This is Napoleons first use of violence to gain power, this violence generates fear amongst the other animals giving him an easy rise to power.This resembles Jack and his use of fear to gain power. This is also the beginning of Napo leons rise to complete power. He uses his superior intelligence to convince the other not so intelligent animals that Snowball was a liar and a thief without any proof. While Jack does not possess the intellectual superiority he is still able to convince most of the boys to join his tribe. Once Napoleon and the other pigs move into the old farm house things start to get much worse, as they enjoy the life of luxury the house offers.They even go to the extent of changing one of the 7 rules from â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed† to â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets. This is clear abuse of power as Napoleon changes the agreed upon rules only benefiting himself and the other pigs. This is again similar to the conch as Jack shows complete disregard for the rule of the conch. That rule of course being, if somebody is holding the conch they talk and everybody else listens. Napoleon soon realises if he trades with people outside the farm then he will be able to gai n even more power.This similar to Jack as he realises that he will be able to generate more power if more people join his tribe. The pigs need the chicken’s eggs to meet their half of a deal, the chickens refuse as the whole point of the original rebellion was to make use the animals were not used again. This is similar to the way Piggy and Ralph act as they refuse to join Jack’s tribe because it goes against what they decided on at the beginning of the novel. The pigs then try to take the chickens eggs by force, but the chickens purposely break their own eggs.This is another example of Napoleon abusing his power because he thinks because of his power he can do whatever he wants. This is similar to Jack taking Piggy’s glasses as the glasses provided a window to more power. Napoleon makes up a speech claiming the chickens are traitors and that they must be punished to death. This shows that Napoleons greed, corruption and thirst for power has grown to such an ext ent that he is willing to kill anybody who defies his orders. The animal now fear for their lives when they are told they will be used for trade nobody defies this order.This closely mirrors Jacks way of leadership, however instead of killing them, Jack often orders them to be physically beaten. The pigs again change the rules reducing all seven into one single phrase â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others†. This rule states what had been evident the whole time that the pigs are superior, or more equal, than any other animal who are all equally below the pigs. This resembles the conch, when the conch was broken it symbolised the death of democracy and thus showing the island was run as a pure dictatorship.Meaning Jack was â€Å"more equal† than his counterparts. The pigs eventually become so powerful that they begin to resemble the humans they replaced, even wearing clothes and walking around on two legs. The pigs have made a full circ le becoming as powerful and corrupt as the humans before them. The use of different film techniques also give the viewer the impression the pigs have power, several times a low shot is used looking up at the pigs. This is a textbook technique used to give power or dominance.In addition there is the use of a high shot looking down at the other animals to show weakness and inferiority. Jack from Golding’s  Lord of the Flies  and Napoleon from Orwell’s  Animal Farm  each demonstrate the tormenting effects that positions of authority can cause, especially when asserted for the wrong reasons. In the case of these two characters, power fell into the wrong hands, and as a result, the subjects suffered under oppressive rule, while the leaders reaped the benefits with no mercy.

Counseling Liza

Joe understands Liza’s theme or belief that she has a problem with her boyfriend. It is not a life theme seeing as Liza’s problems with her boyfriend are recent and ongoing events. Besides, the frustration that she feels is her moodiness in the face of the problematic situation. However, if Liza expresses the belief that â€Å"All men are obnoxious,† Joe may rightfully conclude that it is a life theme that his client is expressing; and that, in fact, she is having a problem with her boyfriend because of a core belief.In order to deal with Liza’s stuck pattern of repeating the same story about her problem with her boyfriend, Joe should use both education and hypothesizing in his counseling sessions with Liza. It is clear that Liza would like to find a way out of her problem with her boyfriend. Regardless of whether she would like to continue her relationship with her boyfriend or not, Joe should provide his client with literature concerned with her particul ar patterns.Bibliotherapy in the area of relationship patterns should help Liza understand her own patterns. Furthermore, Joe should complement the education with hypothesizing by asking questions that would allow Liza to speak her mind and thereby understand her situation better. To allow Liza to hypothesize, Joe should ask her questions after she has spoken her automatic thoughts.If Liza claims about her boyfriend, â€Å"He always does that,† referring to problem behavior on the part of her boyfriend; Joe should follow up with the question, â€Å"Why do you think he does that? † Such questions would allow Liza to truly understand the situation that she is faced with. Moreover, her education as part of the therapeutic process would add to her insight, allowing her to eventually leave the problem pattern that she must work her way out of with the help of the counselor.

How you hope to use your business school experience and education to impact society

Everything that a man wishes to happen comes at the right time and with a great purpose. My name is (insert your name here) and I wish to pursue a degree in (insert course here) at (insert name of university here). I believe that acquiring more knowledge through the JD/MBA program will make me a more competent professional in the future. I anticipate my future with success and dedicate it in giving service to other people. it is in through helping that we achieve success at its most perfect sense.By having the said degree, I will be an asset in this society because of the vast knowledge I gained from both my academic and professional society. I graduated from (insert previous name of school) with a degree in (insert previous school). I am proud to say that through hard work and perseverance, I was able to finish such course with good grades in most of my subjects. I also experienced having job in (insert name of previous job here) where I work as a (insert name of previous position h ere).In this fast changing world, having one degree makes an individual lesser competent than those who posses masters degree. I believe that once I finished the JD/MBA program, I will have greater opportunities to be in a good paying job in the future. Clients will respect me more once they knew that I understand both the realms of business and justice. It will also give me chances of creating my own company so that I can help and serve people.It is one way of showing my gratitude to the university where I came from because I will make them proud because of my achievements. My business school experience is an edge among other graduates because a JD/MBA will help me make better decisions in the business world. My marketability, knowledge and flexibility are more increased because of the JD/MBA program. I can also relate with other people without disappointing them because I also acquired the right people handling and people relationship strategies from the fellowship at business sch ool.From all that has been said and done, I look forward to learning more about JD/MBA in this credible institution. I am confident that my future will be successful because I will be completing a degree in an institution that recruits only the best and finest students. I have the right knowledge because this school is armed with wide array of resources on the said field. Moreover, my skills are more enhance because I was trained by professors who are expert on this field.Having the heart of an entrepreneur, I also look at my future with great opportunities in establishing my own business. As a holder of a JD/MBA degree it is easier for me to raise capital for new business and my credibility is also increased. More people will put their trust on me because they know that I am expert on the said field. My business school experience is a great help not only in my personal growth but also in the upheaval of the society.

Lower Leg Ulcers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lower Leg Ulcers - Essay Example Venous ulcers, often referred to as stasis ulcers or varicose ulcers, are wounds occurring on the legs due to improper functioning of venous valves. Referring to a research organized by Weller, Ademi, Makarounas-Kirchmann and Stoelwinder (2012), venous ulcers are the main causes of chronic wounds that constitute 70-90% of leg ulcer cases. The authors indicate that it develops along the medial distal legal mainly and this medical condition can be very painful. Venous ulcer is the major cause of lower extremity ulceration and it is growing to be a potential health issue in Canada. In their article titled ‘Diagnosis and treatment of venous ulcers’, Collins and Seraj (2010) say that endothelial damage, intracellular edema, platelet aggregation, and inflammatory processes resulting in leukocyte activation are the major identified causes of venous ulcers. The authors add that older age people and individuals with obesity, venous thrombosis, previous leg injuries, and phlebitis are greatly prone to the risk of developing of venous ulcer. Collins and Seraj point out that venous ulcers seem to be irregular and shallow in physical examination and they are mainly located over bony prominences.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies indicate that the chance of developing venous ulcers in Western population is relatively high and 10-20/1000 adults in the Western world are likely to be diagnosed with venous ulcer at some point in their lifetime. In order to evaluate the status of venous ulcers in Canada, a group of researchers including Graham., Harrison, Shafey, and Keast (2003) organized a study about various issues concerning this medical condition. For this, the researchers collected responses from physicians who were members of the College of Family Physicians of Canada. Among the participants, 107 physicians reported that 226 patients had been diagnosed with leg ulcers but only a few had undergone ultrasound assessment. When 16% of physicians were confident about man aging this complex medical condition, a vast majority (61%) reported that they were not knowledgeable about wound-care products. The researchers noted that over 50% of the participants were unaware of the fact that compression could be an effective treatment for venous ulcers. Referring to the study, the researchers listed a number of issues negatively affecting venous ulcer management. First, physicians often failed to deal with venous ulcer care effectively due to lack of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. In addition, lack of evidence-based protocols in home care agencies also contributed to inefficient disease management. Finally, poor communication among health care providers and restricted access to wound-care produc

Phillip Morris Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Phillip Morris - Research Paper Example This does not only mean changing the Company’s name to Altria, but it also includes changing the status quo of the Company for the purpose of preparing it for efficient performance. Some of the procedures employed by Philip Morris to transform its operations include: (i) change of organizational culture—which means that the Company has liaised with its business partners and urged them to act according to laws and standards in their respective countries; (ii) Philip Morris requires broad re-branding—this will help the Company to create a new image for itself and its tobacco products. Customers as well as societies would be able to perceive the changes in the Company’s way of operations: (iii) instituting efficient internal organization policies will help the Company’s employees to easily associate with the Company’s visions and missions. The internal policies would detail the Company’s responsibilities to its adult customers, societies and governments. Employees of the Company need to be constantly reminded of their loyalty and duties to abide by the Company’s programs for family development. Once the Company has implemented all the techniques for re-branding, it is possible for Philip Morris to win back its customers and assume its former status as one of the best tobacco-producing companies in the world. But failure to implement these procedures will leave the Company vulnerable to further disgrace caused by the lawlessness of its global business partners. Philip Morris USA is a tobacco Company that prides itself on good management and financial disciplined. The Company demonstrates high level of respect for quality, both in the products it produces and the society Philip Morris is located. Some of the strongest features of the Company include but not limited to: (i) investing in leadership that would become efficient in handling all the problems affecting the Company; (ii) partnership with the society in a way that the Company

Ideologies in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and Thomas Malthus' Essay Term Paper

Ideologies in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and Thomas Malthus' Essay on Population - Term Paper Example Although the ideologies presented by both the authors tend to focus on the implications of the classical theory, there are certain differences that can be observed in terms of the ideologies presented through these publications related with human nature as well as freedom and morality. Focusing on these aspects, the objective of the discussion henceforth is intended to compare and contrast the views presented by Adam Smith and by Thomas Malthus through their publications respectively. Adam Smith’s ‘Wealth of Nations’ and Thomas Malthus’s ‘Essay on Population’ It can be observed that the early classical economists, such as Adam Smith as well as Thomas Malthus stated the fact that business cycles function because of alterations in population in reaction to the availability of the resources, capability of the capitalists to exploit the labor, socio-psychological mass associations, unanticipated business inventories as well as public confidence (Ma lthus, 1798). Ideology for human nature Adam Smith was of the opinion that the number of the labors within an economy is directly proportional to the wealth of the nation. Moving in-depth towards human contribution for economic wealth creation, he further assumed the fact that human beings can be motivated emphasizing on their self-interest treating it to be the most powerful motive in human behavior’ (Coase, 2010). While, on the other hand, it was opined by Malthus that increase in labor would restrain the resources within an economy acclaiming a diverse relation with the aspect of economic wealth creation (Malthus, 1798). However, with regards to the explanation of Malthus, a contradictory view can be obtained with reference to the statement of Adam Smith, where he narrates that capital can be stimulated by frugality and every frugal man is a public benefactor (Smith, 1776). In his words, â€Å"This frugality and good conduct, however, is, upon most occasions, it appears f rom experience, sufficient to compensate, not only the private prodigality and misconduct of individuals but the public extravagance of government† (pp. 280). As per the views of Malthus (1798), the economic condition of the person is likely to worsen with the pace of time majorly because of innovations making difficult to maintain a pace with the needs of the human population. Furthermore, it was observed by the author that the rate of population growth generally can be observed at a geometric rate unlike the growth of food production which can be examined at an arithmetic rate. Thomas Malthus was also of the opinion that capitalism generally leads to a disparity in the distribution of income apparently contradicting that frugality can be of great significance to overall economic growth (University of California Museum of Palaeontology, 2012). However, it needs to be mentioned in this regards that Adam Smith also did not render much significance to the aspect of frugality in human nature explaining a moderate inclusion of the aspect in the economic growth process (Smith, 1776).  

Questions Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Questions Week 5 - Essay Example (Bardwell, 2007) It is possible that the differences in the educational teachings each of these generations have received from school due to the rapid changes in the information technology affects the differences in their professional satisfaction, motivation, leadership issues and styles, as well as the different strategy when it comes to increasing the employee’s morale among others. As a human resource manager, the art of being able to motivate and increase the morale of each worker despite the differences in their work expectations and satisfaction remains a challenge. What is the best way to resolve the conflicting issues among the baby boomers, the generation ‘X’ and ‘Y’ workers? Is the motivational strategy applicable to baby boomer workers equally effective in terms of motivating the generation ‘Y’ workers? What are the factors that the human resource manager should consider when it comes to dealing with each type of worker? Is pay-for-performance the best way to increase the workers’ productivity and motivation? Di Gregorio (2000) stated that despite all the available qualitative software packages used in analyzing literature, the best method is the use of NVivo. Launched back in May 1999, the NVivo version 1.2 software is considered as the updated and improved version of NUD*IST. NVivo’s newer version is 2.0. These softwares are downloadable from the website http://www.qsr.com.au, NVivo software is easy to use. The researcher could easily import necessary documents from the microsoft word processing package and eventually use coding strips to code these documents on screen. According to Lyn Richards (1999), NVivo software is designed exclusively for â€Å"researchers who desire to display as well as develop a rich data in dynamic documents.† The capability of this software to assist the researchers when going through a long process of qualtitative data

Arson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Arson - Essay Example was also pointed out that fires which were caused due to arson did not necessarily cause a permanent destruction of a structure rather it involved the slightest impacts of structure caused by fire. Back then, the magnitude of fire to a structure was determined by the presence of charring making other impacts like blackening not to be considered as an act of arson. Things like detonations were not considered acts of arson as the act was considered the end result of the products which resulted from the fire itself. Moreover, arson in historical common law also included burning materials which were within a structure as they were considered as part of the structure itself. This excludes personal property as it was not included in the common law of arson since chances of an individual suffering a loss caused by others was limited. Individuals who lost their personal property through burning had no one to lay their blame on; thus stomached their losses individually. For an act of arson to occur, it was required that the burning act should be accompanied by more than one actions hence finding an individual to be liable for the punishment. It emphasized that the act in question was to involve a house or any place which was used by individuals to serve the same purpose as a dwelling place. A dwelling in arson common law was considered as places known by the public to exist therefore a place which was viewed by individuals to have the potential of providing shelter to an individual. In addition, dwellings did not have to be places which currently contained individuals but even those who were currently not being inhabited by individuals. Places which were considered to be illegal but were inhabited by individuals were considered under the arson common law in cases where the crime was perpetrated (Carlan, Nored & Downey, 2011). Arson in historical common law assumed that the act of fire was something which occurred from natural causes and not manmade. This automatically

CRJ 520 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CRJ 520 - Research Paper Example of all these challenges has been the lack of enough resources to support the program, and this has compounded the same problems that the program was supposed to address. The Substance Abuse Felony Punishment (SAFP) program is an intensive and an inexpensive substance abuse program that the Texas State offers for offenders undergoing probation. Under this program, the offenders spend 6-12 months in a correctional facility that is run by officers from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ). After leaving the Substance Abuse Felony Punishment facility, clients are placed within a residential establishment that is situated within the community, followed by a minimum of three and a maximum of nine months of outpatient counseling. The treatment offered by the Substance Abuse Felony Punishment program is usually offered on contractual by private treatment bodies contracted by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. In the years that the program has been in operation, there has been ongoing criticism regarding the program especially on the lack of regulation by the state government (Singh & Chalï ¬ , 2008). At the present, the Substance Abuse Felony Punishment program offers nearly 4,500 treatment beds that are strictly dedicated to individuals who have been charged for crimes related to substance abuse. Ideally, a person can only be placed under an SAFP program if a judge establishes that drug or alcohol abuse was responsible for the offense and that the offender is ideal for treatment. Under this program, an approximate 500 SAFP beds are preserved for parolees. In most cases, offenders are placed under the SAFP program either as an original condition or as an alternative of a supervision requirement while under management (Singh & Chalï ¬ , 2008). Over the last three decades, Texas has come up with legislations and policies that are mean to bolster public safety. This has in turn led to overcrowding in prisons and jails and a corrections budget that has

Project management and the problem of project escalation Essay

Project management and the problem of project escalation - Essay Example As Keil suggested in his article, there are four factors that contribute to escalation, namely: project factors, psychological factors, social factors, and organizational factors. In this respect, effectively addressing escalation must, therefore, centre on addressing these factors.   First, it is important to complete a comprehensive cost-benefit and risk analysis at the initial planning stage in order to give project managers sufficient information with regard to decisions regarding the IT project. This will be able to address the objective factors that are caused by poor judgment on the scale of a project.Second, it is also important for the project team, preferably with the help of a professional not to the team, to establish protocols and standards to serve as indicators that will signal when a project must be abandoned, and when it is still salvageable. A separate quality analyst must also be employed to monitor these indicators and compare it with the project team’s p rogress. This will place part of the responsibility in abandoning a project on an outsider who will not be affected by the same psychological factors that plague project managers.   Third, it is also imperative to promote teamwork and a cooperative atmosphere within a project team to ensure that rivalry or any negative behavior that can affect a team’s ability to make sound decisions are not compromised. In this respect, team-building activities will be beneficial.   Fourth, in order to avoid pressure.

What Feminism and Women's Studies Calls for and Performs Essay

What Feminism and Women's Studies Calls for and Performs - Essay Example This paper will focus on identifying significant ideas associated with feminism and women’s studies, and some of the significant role they play in the society. One the significant role played by feminism and women’s studies is to contribute to development of feminist movements and academic studies regarding construction of gender that facilitate harmony in the society. Besides, feminism and women’s studies are applied in gathering ideas that can question various cliches regarding gender, race and religion, which are sometimes considered nature, though they are established through social interactions. In addition, feminism and women’s studies has enable recognition of the effort that her been made by women in the resent years in order to realize the stature of feminism in the present day. Feminism and women’s studies takes interdisciplinary nature, which leads to affirmations of diversity in the perceptions by people who study them. Moreover, feminis m and women’s studies offers a basis of developing strategic discussions, feminist praxis, and for making significant interrelationships across various boundaries that are conventionally conceived. Feminism and women’s studies has facilitated flexibility, and a basis of questioning various notions regarding human assumptions regarding gender and relations. Feminism and women’s studies plays a vital role in encouraging members of the society in developing skills that can enable them think critically and sensitive about issues relating to gender. On the other hand, these studies offer students a critical awareness regarding the operations of gender and the way they operate in various contexts such as institutional, cultural and social. Feminism and women’s studies offers an introduction of critical gender theories that forms a functioning in demanding intellectual environment (Levin, 12). These studies take a vital role of introducing history, feminist theo ries and criticism, which are bases on critical theoretical framework applied in developing vital perceptions and knowledge about gender inequalities. Feminism and women’s studies strengthens ability to discuss and writer about feministic criticism with a high level of coherence, logic, and analytics (Kesler and Sameh, 185). Apparently, feminism and women’s studies requires understanding of feminist critiques, which are applied in making informed judgments and strengthening the society, building public policy and reconstructing sexist institutions. There is need to understand the impact of feminist perception and criticism, and the challenges that they have pose do conventional disciplines of liberal arts. Feminism and women’s studies has led to identification of women’s contribution to knowledge that was overlooked in the past. Feminism and women’s studies serve as vital sources for substantial writing regarding issues that involve women’s race and social classes (Kesler and Sameh, 186). Therefore, this creates familiarity with literature on women’s studies and awareness of significance of vitality of the journals, which involves frequency of publishing articles in Feminist Studies. However, understanding ideas in feminism and women’s studies, it is important to collaborate with in new generations of feminist scholars, activists’ artists, and creative writers. In addition, there is need for

Music History Essay Example for Free

Music History Essay Music, as they say, is a universal language. Unlike dialects, music can be understood by many sans, the lyrics spoken in a different country. The simple humming of a child, done in mostly minor chords, can make everyone feel a little emotional or sad. A happy song filled with trumpets, saxophones and lively guitar tabs can make people excited and get them all to dance. Music can unite people regardless of their age, gender and race, which is why it is considered a universal language. Through Those Years The history of music dates back before the 1800s, but that is only to put a legal timeline to the evolution of music. Since music is universal, it is then safe to say that it has started even in the beginning of the world. The first human beings, or the first animals, for that matter, depended on sounds that make up a structure filled with patterns that were easily remembered, which conveyed a meaning and made people do things like hunt for food, identify where the predator or the prey is, or go where they should go. Music was a sign and a symbol that represented something (Murray, 2004, p. 773). Technically, though, music before the 1800s existed already, in a more technical sense of the concept. Music was then not just a collection of different sounds. It became a study where people researched about it. During the 18th century, the book entitled History of Music was written and published by GB Martini. Its original title was Storia Della Musica. Other books followed after GB Martins, and among the many books that were published after the first one were De Cantu de Musica Sacra and Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra. The types of music being studied, during these times, were classified as sacred music (Murray, 2004, p. 773). During 1800-1950, the evolution of music can be seen and musical history was being more defined. It didn’t take too long when Johannes Wolf started to do more studies about music, specifically the type of sound that emerged during the Medieval and the Renaissance times. Musicologists depended much on the studies conducted by Johannes Wolf. Because of this, a branch of art called historical musicology was termed and developed. This branch of study became a significant part of the Baroque music. It also became an instrument to the development of music during the Medieval and the Renaissance era. In particular, the movement of original performance has a lot to do with the scholarship associated with the history of music. Musicology became a big part of the arts, and became more and more developed as time passed by. It soon became a field of study. Consequently, journals, researches, articles and new analyses are being developed to branch them out altogether, in order to produce more studies to be published. Music was being more defined as years went by, and it was spreading like fire all over the world (Murray, 2004, p. 773). Ancient Music To understand the history of music and how it changes, it is then best to use a chronology to explain the turn of events. First there was ancient music. This type of music reflects all the types of music that developed in the different parts of the globe, like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Rome, Greece, China, India and Persia. In fact, music was already popular and rich in countries like Rome, Greece and Mesopotamia. Whatever was audible to the people were characterized through basic scales and tones, and then came music. Music spread throughout history through systems, either written or oral (West, 1994, p. 13). The definition of ancient music differs from time to time because of how much music is already revolving, and is continuously revolving. Today, if one defines ancient music, he can say that it is the modern sound that still resembles whatever is folk and traditional in that country. Today, there are modern sounds that Muslims, Egyptians, Jews, Asians, Persians, and Indians produce, but still has not left behind the oldest and most basic of original ancient music (West, 1994, p. 13). Persia, for example, flute, lute and guitars were already being played. Religious rituals were not complete in Persia without music. Music was significant in the lives of the Persians, especially in their spiritual life. It was in Mesopotamia where the first traces of writing were seen. It was the same time when researchers and historians traced instructions for music. The traces were fragmentary, but the authorities were sure that there was music during this time in this place. In fact, music was in made in thirds when it comes to harmony. The scales of the musical pieces produced were even diatonic (Leichtentritt, 2007, p. 14). Up to this day, though, how the researchers can interpret the symbols in the ancient Mesopotamia is not a hundred percent clear. There are still controversies that have yet to be discussed and settled. The interpretation of the symbols remains to be vague. But one thing is sure; all the notations made on the cuneiform tablets were clearly that of the tunings and strings of a musical instrument called a lyre. It was also during this time when harps were invented and became a big part of the history of music (Leichtentritt, 2007, p. 14). In India, ancient music was also active. Indians were always enthusiastic when it comes to the type of musical instrument they were playing. Musical instruments were all around India. This can be proven by how much instruments were amassed from the Indus valley civilization. Archaeological sites can prove all these. Indians had forms of music that includes Samaveda, Rigveda and Samagana. Their music was characterized from hymns, verses and melodies. It was in religious rituals where music was used the most. Indian music had basic ingredients to make a sound â€Å"Indian. † During the first part of a song, Shadja is always established. The grama, in this case, is being defined. Grama is the Indian term for the note of the scale. Indian music also lives by the two principles of consonance, which involves Avinashi and Avilopi. Avinashi is a fundamental note that should always be present in a musical piece, and with Avilopi it means that the note should never change, and that it should always stay there in that particular music piece, according to Leichtentritt (2007, p. 14). Greek’s music has evolved through time. The Greeks have original musical notation style. They developed their own, no matter how robust it is. While it is true that the best musicians in Greece did not necessarily use their musical notations produced originally, it cannot be denied that a lot of Romans and Greeks still use of that original musical notation. Greek music was not exactly monophonic, although this was almost established with their style of music (West, 1994, p. 13). There was always more than just a note to be sounded at a similar time. Double pipes and bag pipes were mostly used. These can be proven also by the ancient drawings seen on the vases and the walls of Greece. Even the oldest Greek books had authors who were able to describe what different musical techniques were being used during these times. Double flutes were also popular in Greece (West, 1994, p. 13). Middle Eastern After the Ancient music came the Middle Eastern music. Middle Eastern music was rich in that it was characterized by different styles from different regions. When one goes to the Middle East, there are different types of music that can be seen, like â€Å"zajal, Turkish folk music, Turkish classical music, sha’abi, Sufi music, rapbesk, rnbesk. Somali music, pizmonim, Persian folk, Nubian music, mawwal, Kurdish music, Egyptian Chaabi and el-Gil, Egyptian Classical music, Berber music, Arabic Andalusian, Arabesque music, Arabic rap, Arabic pop, Algerian rai and Arabic Classical Music (Stanley, 1997, p. 126). † The Islam community displays its great influence coming from the Middle East music. In fact, as the Islam used music in their rituals, Middle Eastern music spread even more quickly. The identity of Middle Eastern music is defined from the melody which is still present today in modern Middle Eastern pop and liturgical music (Stanley, 1997, p. 126). Classical Music Music evolves all around the world. In the West, music has gone a long way from the classical compositions of great masters like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Carl Philipp Emanuel Back, and Franz Schubert to the catchy modern pop songs of today. It’s kind of hard to imagine how music has evolved from those grand compositions to the contemporary quirky beats we listen to today, but that just proves how quickly music transforms according to the needs of the people (Stanley, 1997, p. 154). The Classical period in the West dates from about 1750 to 1820. Classical music refers to various styles of music with roots in the secular and liturgical European musical traditions of the 9th century. This type of music is characterized by romantic melodies using instruments like violins and flutes (Stanley, 1997, p. 154). One striking characteristic of classical music is its elegance. This elegance is achieved by the composers’ close attention to balance and proportion. For this reason, classical music never becomes obsolete. Up to now, many people around the world, whether they live in the West or not, still listen to classical music. Some people study their structures and attempt to recreate classical music using modern instruments. Others simply enjoy their relaxing melodies, which may aid them to concentrate on their tasks or even sleep better. There is even a concept called â€Å"Mozart effect†, as explained by Stanley (1997), which says that children who are exposed to the classical music of the great genius that is Mozart are able to concentrate more on their tasks, thus resulting in better performance in school. This is just one example of the newly discovered benefits of music that are surprising ordinary people and experts around the world (Stanley, 1997, p. 8). Western Music through the Years As the power of the West became stronger and reached farther into different corners of the globe, music itself has gained the imprints of Western culture. More and more people heard and recognized the merits of Western music. Countries that were once colonies of Western countries are especially influenced by Western music because the language barrier is weaker. Today, the dominant music is the world comes from the West. Classical, blues, jazz, rock, hip-hop, ballads, R n B – all of these have roots in the West. The amazing thing is that since music is universal, people of different races and cultures around the world can appreciate these Western genres of music. Western music may influence local music, but the traditional character of music never goes away. For instance, in Japan today, pop music has obvious Western overtones, but most pop hits are all sung in Japanese. J-pop, as Japanese pop is locally called, is influenced by Western music in a lot of ways, but its characteristics are still a lot different from Western pop music. The Music of the ‘40s and ‘50s The invention and mass production of radios during the 1940s and 1950s facilitated an amazing development in musical styles. In many ways, World War II has also changed the face of music dramatically as people expressed their disappointments and rebelliousness against the war through music (Melton and Weinstein, 2001, p. 17). Rock and roll has its roots in the 1940s, along with other musical genres such as country, jazz, swing, folk, and boogie woogie. In the United States, different musical styles were expressed by different races. Blacks had difficulty hitting the mainstream until the king of rock and roll, Elvis Presley, sang rock and R n B. Elvis was able to show the whites the excellent beats of rock music, which made its crossover into mainstream a lot easier. Elvis eventually became one of the biggest icons of rock and roll in the United States and around the world (Melton and Weinstein, 2001, p. 17). The Music of the ‘60s and ‘70s Music received huge social influences again during the 1960s and the 1970s because of the Vietnam war, the Cold War, and the spread of the Civil Rights movement. During this period, music clearly became a platform for various causes, including feminism, race empowerment, sexual freedom, and other liberal ideas (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 77). There are many musical icons that gained fame during this tumultuous period in musical history. Musicians like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan pioneered new techniques in lyrical composition. These new techniques inspired more artists such as Cat Stevens, Carole king, Elton John, and James Taylor to create their own groundbreaking chart-topping hits. The ‘60s were filled with R n B hits that were a combination of secular and gospel music. Different kinds of soul music emerged in this time, including Philly soul, Memphis soul and Motown. Popular artists such as Marvin Gaye and James Brown also found fame and fortune in the 1960s (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 77). Of course, music in the 1960s and 1970s cannot be discussed without mentioning the band that is probably one of the biggest influences of contemporary music: The Beatles. John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr drew huge crowds to their concerts and sold millions through their hits. The band not only became huge in England, but also in the United States and in other countries as far as the Philippines (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 74). One of the amazing things about The Beatles is their ability to change the musical landscape. While their early hits had rhythms and melodies that have the basics of rock and roll, their later albums explored new horizons. Their album, Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band was ranked by Rolling Stones magazine as the greatest album of all time. This recognition is due to the immense influence of this album on the musical styles of later genres of music (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 74). Music of the ‘80s and the ‘90s Western music continued to gain wide acceptance around the world during the 1980s. New Wave, hip-hop, punk rock, and heavy metal increased their markets and new musical stars were born. New Wave experimented with electronic sound and catchy, playful beats which people danced to. The various styles of rock music provided the youth the avenue to express their adventurousness and rebelliousness against the fast-paced modern world. During the 1990s, grunge musicians led by the band Nirvana took center stage in the music world. Their honest and rough lyrics reflecting the confusion and apathy of the youth, and their loud, distorted riffs gained millions of fans in the United States. Meanwhile, hip-hop also gained wider popularity as hip-hop stars such as Dr. Dre and Puff Daddy broke into the music scene with fresh raps and rhythms (Chambers, 2002, p. 166). The 1990s were also notable for the huge popularity of boy bands, which are boy groups that sang ballads with catchy beats and lyrics. Some of these boy bands included Backstreet Boys, NSYNC, Westlife, and A1. Boy bands became hugely popular because of their romantic songs which people can sing and dance to. Another group that is worth noting is the Spice Girls who originated from the United Kingdom. This group symbolized the power of women through their songs and videos. Interestingly, the Spice Girls were a hit for both males and females. After the Spice Girls, many other girl bands soon formed, but none of them reached their extraordinary level of popularity (Chambers, 2002, p. 166). The State of Music Today Today, contemporary music is still strongly influenced by the West. Pop, rock, hip-hop, R n B, and other genres have Western musicians leading the pack. Local music in different countries, though, are also gaining wider acceptance by fusing with the dominant music of the West or borrowing some of its elements. Music today is also crisper and clearer; thanks to the high level of technology that humans have achieved through science. Albums are released in CDs or DVDs, and they can also be downloaded on the Internet. Storage of music became a lot simpler, too. Before, you need bulky gramophone records to store music. Now, all you need is a tiny universal serial bus (USB) storage device to archive all the music you want. MP3 players have also made listening to music easier since these devices can be worn or slip inside a pocket. People can now go anywhere listening to their favorite songs. The West has no monopoly over music, though. All around the world, many people are rediscovering the beauty of their own local melodies, and they are breathing new life into them again in the form of world music. This musical style makes use of indigenous instruments and they usually are not accompanies by lyrics. Less popular genres like this are usually produced by independent producers, thus the term â€Å"indie. † Indie though, has its own market and continues to grow in popularity as people try to taste new musical types (Chambers, 2002, p. 166). The Human Experience of Music People change as music transforms as we’ve seen in our discussion of the long continuing history of music. Music is an expression of the culture that gives birth to it, and it constantly bends as various influences impinge upon it. It is an art form that never stays the same, but evolves through time. Music though doesn’t transform on its own. Historical events shape music as they shape the lives of people. The art form becomes a reflection of the hopes, dreams, and grievances of the people that create and listen to it. We can see this clearly in the rebellious attitude of the music from the ‘40s and ‘50s because of World War II, and the free spirit of the music from the ‘60s and ‘70s as it protested against the Vietnam War and the Cold War (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 77). In many ways, musicians deliberately voice out their protests through the songs that they sing. For example, John Lennon’s â€Å"Imagine† is a clear reaction to the dangers of the Cold War and other social inequalities at that time (Frith, et. al. , 2001, p. 77). However, music doesnt always send clear messages all the time. In fact, most of the time, composers unconsciously express their sentiments and the sentiments of their generation through the beat of their songs, or through their melodies. Perhaps the greatest thing about music is its universality. Since everyone can appreciate good music, the art form traverses national and ethnic boundaries, bridging people together no matter where they come from. Good music will always be good music regardless of a person’s educational or cultural background. Of course, a person may need to expose himself repeatedly to a new genre to appreciate its beauty. But it’s not difficult to do that if the genre is indeed good. The universality of music is now more apparent than ever before because of the Internet. Musical influences are easier to share ever since artists living in opposite sides of the globe can listen to each other’s work. It’s not only artists though who benefit from the cyberspace, but also the listeners. Downloadable MP3 songs are all over the Internet, some of them free, others for sale for a small price. With a click of a mouse, a person online can listen to Middle Eastern music, classical music, rock and roll, hip-hop, world music, or whatever genre he wants. Music is bringing people closer and closer to each other. Time and space are quickly becoming negligible factors as people find satisfaction and comfort in just enjoying different musical styles. Old styles themselves are disappearing as traditional barriers are broken and various genres fuse together to create new ones. The result is that people are able to understand each other better through listening to different kinds of music. People are becoming more tolerant of each other’s differences as they see that theyre all just human beings enjoying music The future is bright for musicians and listeners around the world as technology allows music to cross more borders. Soon, everyone will be able to appreciate a variety of musical genres regardless of their original countries or ethnic backgrounds. As people listen to their CDs, MP3s and musical devices, they will realize that their hopes and dreams are one. They will realize that while music came from different corners of the world, it speaks of the universal desire of human beings for unity and peace. Bibliography Chambers, Stuart. (2002) Yes: An Endless Dream of 70s, 80s and 90s Rock Music : an Unauthorized Interpretative History in Three Phases. General Store Publishing House. Frith, Simon, Will Straw and John Street. (2001) The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock. Cambridge University Press. Leichtentritt, Hugo. (2007) Music, History and Ideas. Read Books Publications. Melton, William and Randy Weinstein. (2001). The Complete Idiots Guide to Playing the Harmonica. Alpha Books. Murray, Christopher John. (2004) Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850. Taylor Francis Publishing, Inc. Stanley, John. (1997) Classical Music: An Introduction to Classical Music Through the Great Composers Their Masterworks. Penguin Group USA. West, Martin Litchfield. (1994) Ancient Greek Music. Oxford University Press.

Fletcher Building Company Analysis

Fletcher Building Company Analysis Introduction to Fletcher building company Fletcher building company is a very famous construction work company in New Zealand. It constructs its first house in 1909 with the partnership at Dunedin after that they are increase their business all over the world. They established their head office in 1925 in Auckland. Now they have builds very popular buildings like Sky Tower. They have approximately 18800 employees and about 50 businesses at the moment who are working under Fletcher building banner. It exports its products to Australia. Task 1 If we look at the company needs then we need good surroundings which make the organization better. The organization should have proper resources, hardworking and skilled workers and  Ã‚   financial support. Moreover they should proper knowledge of latest technology which they can use to enhance their business and organization. Fletcher building company have very good sources by which they can sustain for long time. They have sources like raw materials from which they can design products and recycle that for getting better work from it. Its internal and external situations facts are given as below: External situation facts: Customers: we know for running any kind of business we need customers so that can get financial support from them to enhance our business. Moreover for attract more customers we need to give good services and products to the customers.   As we know Fletcher building company is a very famous company in New Zealand they need to attract more customers for making large projects in the markets and they need more customers so as to marketing. It works for both private and government organization. It constructs Sky Tower and Harbour bridge in New Zealand. (stuff.co.nz, 2014) Competition: If we think about competition about the competition, Fletcher building company have so many competitors in New Zealand but by these competitors they can get more advantages because   they can learn about latest technology and they can use their technology to develop their business and to improve its business services and market. They will be more serious to have more focus on large projects and finish these projects on time. Supplier market: The company has to make better relations with suppliers so as develop company. So Fletcher building company requires more suppliers who can provide raw materials and staff etc who can import their goods and services as we know Fletcher company imports from Australia. Internal situation facts: Management changes: The management changes imply that make them change into management system of organization to get advancement into some level which could be useful for organization to get new thought and utilize it so if discuss Fletcher building company they know their management level and where they have to enhance so roll out improvements in management could bring benefits. Employees: Employees are heart of any organization who   work hard to accomplish organizations goals and objectives where they have to complete work within time where organization ought to give few rewards and organization ought to disseminate their specific task and work which they ready to do that and empower them at each steps. Culture Changes: What the way of life mean where all workers cooperate does not make a difference which he from they called a team work for organization where Fletcher building organization regard all culture which make it multicultural society and Fletcher building company can give honors and rewards at universal level which make workers more certain show organization culture. Financial: As we know financial support is necessary to maintain a business and here fletcher company has incredible spending plan to done enormous venture and run business into great way where they need to spend on staff individuals and furthermore on organization upkeep so they should be ensure about their contribute and where they spending and that all speculation ought to be secured into organization budget (stuff.co.nz, nd) Task 2 Strategic Formulation Strategic planning: It is the future planning of any business which helps it to get profits and to achieve its goals and objectives. Without strategic planning any business cannot run in a proper way. Strategic planning helps the business to do any task within time frame. In terms of Fletcher building company it makes perfect planning to sustain for long time and they made perfect planning to get more profits and to get success. Why do we need of Strategic planning? : It is very important for any business in a good way. It is because before apply any plan in business management should know about the businesss performance and in which areas business lacking so it is necessary to have a strategic plan so as to do tasks accordingly. What does the strategic planning evaluate? : This means the evolution of the performance of business and it show how strategic planning helps in business. Moreover it also evaluates about all the things which were happen in the previous time. For example how much business get benefit and where thet got results for their services. Strategic planning for Fletcher building company Structures: The Fletcher organization has an extraordinary business structure to deal with all things and the level of structure has appropriate work amongst them and they all work under their points of confinement and rules and at some point company need changes in structure which help to improve plan and give better outcome. System: The Fletcher building company framework working into great way and furthermore attempting to propel their staff and they require a few changes into business framework can change business framework like, technology, correspondence framework, and so forth. Processes: The Fletcher building organization working in a procedure calendar and it called be an arrangement of interrelated activities which helps in business comes about. Responsibilities: The Fletcher building company has some more essential obligations to support business in market or could be with clients and that organization dependably work to deal with any circumstance on any issues. Key Tasks: The Fletcher Building company is the one biggest construction company of NZ and they generally work for government ventures and other enormous contract with private place. Milestones: Milestone imply that show solid point and like, enormous venture is finished by fletcher organization which got to be distinctly popular on the planet like, celebrated sky tower and harbor connect. Monitoring: Monitoring the fundamentally idea to dodge the errors in light of the fact that if the organization observing the things whats happening time to time then they additionally can move thought what to happen. Hazard Analysis: As we know organization dependably go out on a limb to making venture and where Fletcher organization ought to investigation the venture before begin it and it might go for broke to settle on choice so organization ought to examination each things before go for broke. Contingencies: The possibilities imply that something occurring in organization which could have awful effect or might be it has extraordinary advantages to organization. The occurrence something is about by key arrangement of business. Sustainability: The Fletcher Company maintains business with better way so they ought to have the capacity to proceed with a characterized conduct uncertainly. Corporate and Social Responsibility: The corporation and social duties are critical to any organization where we have an organization named it Fletcher building organization which ought to be exceptionally careful about their company and social duties where they need to ensure about condition and open aggravation. Task 3 Companys production as well as strategic plan: It is a broad planning of a company that make strategy for the production of a company which give quickly view to company about their creation stock and this is essential to think about production points of interest which demonstrate that how much stock organization have and to what extent they can get by with it and they gather creation stock to circulate vital arrangement with organization which is a consent to give concentrate on arrangements. Strategic getting ready for creation is valuable for: 1.Planning the production plan. 2.Also discovering the ability and incompetent specialists required for production. 3.Also ought to set up the departmental plans. (Akrani, 2011) Organizations distribution strategic planning The distribution dependably teach us to how the items come to client firstly distributer or retailer get the stuff which originates from fabricate organization and after that contractual worker get it then at long last got by customer. This a superior approach to send stuff to clients and this dispersion arranging additionally get more subtle elements and thoughts by vital arrangement and which help in company development and it could simple to make circulation arrangement for an organization (investopedia.com, nd) 2. How the company manages and arranges the production and distribution of goods and additionally services of goods The management dependably work for a company to get objective inside time where organization needs to oversee better staff for its management where they make a plan for organization production and products distribution and by doing it how organization could get more consumers so here we can discuss the Fletcher building organization who dependably work to give better stuff and fulfillment work and they likewise give a superior material, better client administrations et cetera. Which demonstrate their key getting ready for merchandise conveyance Then again the dissemination of products and ventures completely oversaw by the circulation cycle in light of the fact that in this they can get the stuff as per the request like: Manufacturer >wholesaler>   Retailer> Contractors>User (referenceforbusiness.com, n.d.) Task 4 Strategic execution: The high level plan: It means to make a long term plan so that company can sustain for long time. This plan is called high level plan. So when a company works on a big plan and stands internationally and they established their company all around the world so as to provide better services to their customers as compare with other companies. Now we have an example of Fletcher building company which shows its capability to perform better and in a good manner. Fletcher always make a good plan before proceeding to the other projects in which they arrange and manage every sources they will needed and which will useful to the company. They make high level plans so that their company give competition to other big companies. Their main motive is to develop their company business all over the world by attracting more and more customers. (amanet.org, nd) Plans used for operational planning: Fletcher is one of the largest construction company in New Zealand and it works on big project. It works on government and private projects. So they need to make an operational planning in terms of planning, organizing as well as supervision in context with manufacturing, production and services. Fletcher should provide goods and services so as to attract more customers. In input organization that involves with raw materials, equipments as well as staff. so they should hire skilled staff and should take care of the employees who works for the company. Actions which are consider by me on the plans of Fletcher building company: Now a days Fletcher building company performs really well everywhere. They focus on their strategy planning before begin any new project which helps to company to finish that project on time and in a good way. They focus on strategies like production planning, distribution planning, and operational planning which helps them a lot. My view about Fletcher company working is that they should have perfect operational planning through which their employees   can learn about the many things like how much stock is left for the project, how much their budget is, so these are the things which employees should know while working on any project. In this way they can work properly and efficiently. Moreover Fletcher should also take care about their employees health and needs. If their employees needs fulfils then they will give their best to the company. Task 5 Strategic plan and functions Marketing: We already know Fletcher Company is very famous company where its name is taken in big construction companies in New Zealand. They always work in a better way and satisfy their customers. In order to sustain all around the world Fletcher need to expand its business all over the world. So need to distribute their franchise globally. In this way they could face more competitors and problems and challenges which helps the Fletcher to get more improvement and to learn about new technologies and strategies. (balancedscorecard.org, nd) Finance:   In the Fletcher building company they also make strategic plan about their finance. As we know every company works on its finance. So Fletcher should have good finance buget which they can spend on their work so as to happy their customers. Moreover they can also get more risks to finish big projects which cam make the company more stronger and powerful with financially. Fletcher building company declared its half result in February 2015. Their net earnings were around 114 million dollars after paying tax and then 154 million dollars as compared to the prior corresponding year. Moreover their total tax was about 4327 million dollars up from 4273 million dollars. (Fletcherbuilding, 2015) Human resources: Fletcher building company has very good human resources because they hire very skilled staff which works hard in achieving the goals of the company. They make plans with its staff and tell them about every field of their projects so as to get more output from their employees.   So human resources plays very crucial role in the development of the company. Research and development: it is very important for the company because in this they innovate new ideas which can be useful for the development of the company. Moreover these new ideas can make their company unique from other companies. Information and communication technology: These are very important for the company because through these they can know about new techniques which can help their business to work faster. Moreover by these they can also communicate with their customers at any place. Property management: Fletcher building company establishes their branches at very good places like in New Zealand and Australia which expand their business internationally. They have large property to manage construction property to stock goods and other things. Task 6 Evaluation or Sustainability Improvement in its operations and services: During the evolution of Fletcher Company it wants to see the changes and improvements in its services and operations where consumers are having better services. It is a process to sustain its business for long time. They work to get taxes in the company and to give more benefits to the workers and to get good feedback from their customers all around the world. Evaluation of performance of company and staff: The Fletcher building company evaluates the performance of the company and its staff. It is very necessary from them to know about their status where they are standing in the market and what are the things they need to improve in proper time. Moreover if the employees work hard and give their best to the company so these workers should be given with rewards so that they work hard in the future also. Culture of Fletcher: As we know New Zealand is a multicultural society. So workers from different countries work together here as a team. It is very useful for the company because every employee give their own view for the development f the company. Communications: Flow of communication, communication patterns, and communication systems: Fletcher building company provides good social environment to their workers where workers should be trained to work. Where the company need a person who is fluent in any language which will connect the customers with any language to the company. There are many patterns by which we can learn about communication skills, way of talking where Fletcher Company have more focus on the communication skills and its flow. Data Reporting: Process of collecting data for Fletcher Management Process of submitting for Fletcher management In the Fletcher Building company constantly gather the information for management and assemble all information from company make a report and have a debate or discussion on it and if essential plan apply in company that can be divided between two fundamental one is that need of some accomplishment where company need to sure working of these exercise and effort is required to make company more developed and stronger and when the all information increase then it submitted to Fletcher organization prepare which take out better arrangement and apply it again in company (bridgingthegap.com, n.d.) References (n.d.). Retrieved from onlinebusadv.com: http://www.onlinebusadv.com/?PAGE=171 (n.d.). Retrieved from referenceforbusiness.com: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/De-Ele/Distribution-and-Distribution-Requirements-Planning.htmlfor (n.d.). Retrieved from fletcherbuilding: www.fletcherbuilding.co.nz (n.d.). Retrieved from searchcio.techtarget: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/ICT-information-and-communications-technology-or-technologies (n.d.). Retrieved from bridgingthegap.com: http://www.bridging-the-gap.com/help-a-ba-how-do-you-collect-requirements-for-a-reporting-system/ (2014). Retrieved from stuff.co.nz: http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/10402430/Fletcher-Building-posts-solid-profit Akrani, G. (2011). production planning. Fletcherbuilding. (2015, 02 18). Retrieved from www.fletcherbuilding.com: Fletcher building limited announced their half year result 18 Feb 2015. After tax their net earnings was $114 million then $154million as compared to the prior corresponding year. Their revenue was $4,327 million, up from $4,273 million (nd). Retrieved from stuff.co.nz: http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/10402430/Fletcher-Building-posts-solid-profit (nd). Retrieved from investopedia.com: http://www.investopedia.com/university/business-plan/business-plan6.asp (nd). Retrieved from amanet.org: http://www.amanet.org/training/articles/What-Is-Strategy-Execution.aspx (nd). Retrieved from balancedscorecard.org: https://balancedscorecard.org/Resources/Strategic-Planning-Basics (nd). Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_communication topmba.com. (nd). Retrieved from http://www.topmba.com/mba-programs/what-operations-management

Catalytic Power And Specificity Of Enzymes Biology Essay

Catalytic Power And Specificity Of Enzymes Biology Essay Enzymes are mainly proteins, that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, called the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at significant rates. Catalytic power and specificity are the two characteristics of enzymes which require explanation. The structure of the enzymes active site will provide us with the beginnings of an explanation. Since a catalyst must come in contact with the substrate to initiate any reaction, there must be a fit between the substrate and the active site. Right away, some substrate molecules will fit and others will not, so some substrates will react and others will not. The fit can come about either because the molecule fits easily into the enzymes active site (lock-and-key model) or because the enzymes structure adjusts to the substrates entry (induced fit model). Inhibition of enzymes results in a decrease in or elimination of the effect an enzyme has on the rate of a reaction. There are two main types of inhibitors reversible inhibitors and irreversible inhibitors. Reversible inhibitors do not completely stop the enzyme from catalyzing a reaction, and if the concentration of the inhibitor is lowered the enzymatic activity returns to its normal level. The reaction can still proceed but at a much slower rate, depending on the amount of inhibitor and substrate present. If concentrations of the inhibitor are lowered they tend to dissociate from the enzyme. There are three mechanisms for reversible inhibition: Competitive inhibition where the inhibitor resembles the substrate and binds to the same point on the enzyme that the substrate would, Non-competitive inhibition where the inhibitor does not bind to the same point as the substrate but slows down the reaction regardless. Uncompetitive inhibition where the inhibitor binds to the enzyme when the substrate is already bound. Irreversible inhibitors bind strongly to the enzyme usually via covalent bonds and do not dissociate when concentrations are lowered: thus their name. Bonding can occur at the active site or elsewhere on the enzyme, but the overall effect is to inactivate the enzyme. Myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as death or necrosis of myocardial cells. It is a diagnosis at the end of the spectrum of myocardial ischemia or acute coronary syndromes. Myocardial infarction occurs when myocardial ischemia exceeds a critical threshold and overwhelms myocardial cellular repair mechanisms designed to maintain normal operating function and hemostasis. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (fatty acids) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. symptoms of acute myocardial infarction include sudden chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck), shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of impending doom). Women may experience fewer typical symptoms than men, most commonly shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue. Approximately one quarter of all myocardial infarctions is silent, without chest pain or other symptoms. Treatment of myocardial infarction  · Thrombolytic therapy has been shown to improve survival rates in patients with acute myocardial infarction if administered in a timely fashion in the appropriate group of patients. If percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) capability is not available or will cause a delay greater than 90 minutes, then the optimal approach is to administer thrombolytics within 12 hours of onset of symptoms in patients with ST-segment elevation greater than 0.1 mV in 2 or more contiguous ECG leads, new left bundle-branch block (LBBB), or anterior ST depression consistent with posterior infarction. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is superior to streptokinase in achieving a higher rate of coronary artery patency; however, the key to efficacy lies in the speed of the delivery of therapy.  · Aspirin and/or antiplatelet therapy o Aspirin has been shown to decrease mortality and re-infarction rates after myocardial infarction. Administer aspirin immediately, which the patient should chew if possible upon presentation. Continue aspirin indefinitely unless an obvious contraindication, such as a bleeding tendency or an allergy, is present. Clopidogrel may be used as an alternative in cases of a resistance or allergy to aspirin. Recent data from the CLARITY trial (CLopidogrel as Adjunctive ReperfusIon Therapy Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] 28) suggest that adding clopidogrel to this regimen is safe and effective. The clopidogrel dose used was 300 mg. Further studies suggest that a higher dose of clopidogrel may have added benefit. o Administer a platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa-receptor antagonist, in addition to acetylsalicylic acid and unfractionated heparin (UFH), to patients with continuing ischemia or with other high-risk features and to patients in whom a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is planned. Eptifibatide and tirofiban are approved for this use. Abciximab also can be used for 12-24 hours in patients with unstable angina or NSTEMI in whom a PCI is planned within the next 24 hours.  · Heparin (and other anticoagulant agents) has an established role as an adjunctive agent in patients receiving t-PA, but not in patients receiving streptokinase. Heparin is also indicated in patients undergoing primary angioplasty. Few data exist with regard to efficacy in patients not receiving thrombolytic therapy in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Low molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) have been shown to be superior to UFHs in patients with unstable angina or NSTEMI. Bivalirudin (a direct thrombin inhibitor)  has shown some promise in the setting of STEMI if combined with high-dose clopidogrel load and may be an appropriate alternative strategy.  · Nitrates have no apparent impact on mortality rate in patients with ischemic syndromes. Their utility is in symptomatic relief and preload reduction. Administer to all patients with acute myocardial infarction within the first 48 hours of presentation, unless contraindicated (ie, in RV infarction).  · ACE inhibitors reduce mortality rates after myocardial infarction. Administer ACE inhibitors as soon as possible as long as the patient has no contraindications and remains in stable condition. ACE inhibitors have the greatest benefit in patients with ventricular dysfunction. Continue ACE inhibitors indefinitely after myocardial infarction. Angiotensin-receptor blockers may be used as an alternative in patients who develop adverse effects, such as a persistent cough, although initial trials need to be confirmed.  · Beta-blockers may reduce the rates of reinfarction and recurrent ischemia. Administer to patients with myocardial infarction unless a contraindication is present. However,  a  large chinese trial  showed no benefit to beta-blockade. This has created some doubt as to the benefit  and may lead to a change in the guidelines. Enzyme pattern in myocardial infarction 1. Troponin Normal: Values and units vary from lab to lab Abnormal: Blood levels of troponin I typically rise within 4 to 6 hours after a heart attack reach peak concentrations within 10 to 24 hours, and fall to normal levels within 10 to 15 days. Elevated troponin levels may indicate heart muscle injury Troponin Values 12 hrs after onset of pain: Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments Troponin-T 0.02 ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Upper limit of normal Troponin-I 0.2 ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Upper limit of normal Troponin-T 0.02 0.10 ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Acute Coronary Syndrome Troponin-I 0.2 1.00 ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Acute Coronary Syndrome Troponin-T 0.10 n/a ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Myocardial Infarction likely Troponin-I 1.00 n/a ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Myocardial Infarction likely 2. Creatine kinase  · Myocardial muscle creatine kinase (CK-MB) is found mainly in the heart.  · CK-MB levels increase within 3-12 hours of onset of chest pain, reach peak values within 24 hours, and return to baseline after 48-72 hours.  · Sensitivity and specificity are not as high as for troponin levels.  · Function of Creatine Kinase: A chemical reaction where creatine is converted into phosphocreatine is catalyzed by creatine kinase. This conversion takes place when it applies itself to the utilization of ATP or adenosine triphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate is a basic energy source for brain, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. Phoshocreatine is an energy reservoir for adenosine diphosphates regeneration. In clinical terms, this enzyme is used as a marker for myocardial infarction which is heart attack and in muscle breakdown by assaying it in blood tests.  · Normal Values for CK, CPK Men 5-100 IU/L Women 10-70 IU/L Pregnancy 5-40 IU/L 3. Lactate dehydrogenase  · Lactate dehydrogenase: (LDH) An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. This is an important step in energy production in cells. Many different types of cells in the body contain this enzyme. Some of the organs relatively rich in LDH are the heart, kidney, liver, and muscle.  · Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LAD) level rises above the reference range within 24 hours of a myocardial infarction, reaches a peak within 3-6 days, and returns to the baseline within 8-12 days.  · Normal ranges Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50 150 U/L 0.4 1.7 ÃŽÂ ¼mol/L LDH (enzyme activity) 1.8 3.4  µkat/L 4. Myoglobin  · Myoglobin is found in cardiac and skeletal muscle.  · Myoglobin is a protein in heart and skeletal muscles. When you exercise, your muscles use up any available oxygen. Myoglobin has oxygen attached to it, which provides extra oxygen for the muscle to maintain a high level of activity for a longer period of time.  · When muscle is damaged, myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. Ultimately, it is removed in the urine.  · It is released more rapidly from infarcted myocardium than troponin and CK-MB and may be detected as early as 2 hours after an acute myocardial infarction.  · Myoglobin has high sensitivity but poor specificity. It may be useful for the early detection of myocardial infarction.  · The normal (negative) range is 0 to 85 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). Greater-than-normal levels (a positive result) may indicate:  · Skeletal muscle ischemia (blood deficiency)  · Skeletal muscle trauma  · Skeletal muscle inflammation (myositis)  · Heart attack  · Muscular dystrophy  · Rhabdomyolysis  · Malignant hyperthermia (very rare) 5. Natriuretic peptides Studies in several types of acute coronary syndromes have shown that elevated levels of natriuretic peptides. One of the peptides that causes natriuresis, the excretion of an excessively large amount of sodium in the urine. The natriuretic peptides are produced by the heart and vasculature:  · A-type natriuretic peptide is secreted largely by the atrial myocardium in response to dilatation.  · B-type natriuretic peptide is manufactured mainly by the ventricular myocardium.  · C-type natriuretic peptide is produced by endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. B-type natriuretic peptide is useful in the diagnosis of heart failure. The finding of a low level of B-type natriuretic peptide tends to exclude heart failure. 5.a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) A 32-amino-acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of myocytes (heart muscles cells) in the ventricles. The levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are elevated in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. BNP levels correlate with both the severity of symptoms and the prognosis in congestive heart failure. BNP levels are higher in patients with dyspnea (shortness of breath) due to heart failure than in patients with dyspnea from other causes. Rapid measurement of BNP in the emergency department therefore helps in the evaluation and treatment of patients with acute dyspnea and reduces the time to discharge and the cost of their treatment. BNP appears to be a useful marker of cardiovascular risk, even in people with no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. The levels of BNP predict the risk of heart failure, first cardiovascular events, atrial fibrillation, and stroke or transient ischemic attack.

The Unfair Treatment of Women Essay -- No Name Woman Gender Discrimina

The Unfair Treatment of Women My mother has always promoted sisterhood and support for women. Growing up, I was taught that women, although we can do anything we want to do, need a support system, because we are traditionally the underdogs, and we should not accept being treated unfairly. My mother likes to tell a story about how, when she was a girl, she told her dad that she had decided to become a lawyer when she grew up. In response to her proclamation, my grandfather, an attorney himself, asked, "Isn’t that an awfully expensive education for a girl?" My mother was involved in her education throughout high school. The number of opportunities presented to her while growing up and in her education, however, did not even come close to the number of opportunities presented to her male counterparts. In her yearbook, she is pictured among the Future Teachers of America, the only organization offered in her high school that relates to furthering the education of its young female students. The male students were also able to join that club, as well as Future Farmers of America, Future Lawyers of America, and Future Businessmen of America. She was also the Associated Student Body Treasurer—quite a feat, considering that it was unthinkable for a girl to run for President. Girls didn’t play sports, they cheered for the guys who did. My mother attended MIT Sloan School for Business, and in her class of 32, there was only one other woman. A certified management accountant with an M.B.A. from MIT, my mom has been rejected from job s on the basis of her gender. In interviews, she’s been told by companies that they don’t want a woman in the position, and that the average matriculation time for women in management was 23 months. My mo... ...tional ways, which her brothers, now among the barbarians, could fumble without detection." So if women had the power to carry on traditional values, then why did they not try to change anything? What privileges did Chinese women have that they wanted to hold on to, even in the United States, where they did not have to tolerate being treated so unequally? I do not know about Chinese culture, and I am sure that there are reasons that such an unfair tradition of gender inequality could have survived for so long, even after the Chinese immigrated to America. However, with the upbringing that I have had, I found it sad and frustrating to read about the acceptance of unjust treatment of women in Chinese culture. Women seemed to hold their own social status down with their silence and by attacking other women, such as Kingston’s aunt, whom they know are not to blame.

Infant Mortality Within the United States Essay -- Babies Birth Pregna

Infant Mortality Within the United States Herein I briefly overview the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) within the United States. Initially, I discuss specific causes of infant death and then, contributing factors which put babies at risk. Next, the distribution of various IMR is surveyed on a state to state basis. States possessing the ten highest infant mortality rates are discussed, including possible reasons for higher IMR. In addition, those states with the ten lowest IMR are mentioned. In conclusion, I consider preventative measures for minimizing the number of babies that die each year. Return to Table of Contents Introduction Every eight seconds a baby is born in the United Sates (U.S.), and within one hour four babies die (1). The infant mortality rate (IMR) measures the rate at which babies die before their first birthday and is calculated per 1,000 live births. According to government figures 7.2 babies out of every 1,000 born in 1996 died (2, p 6). Although this figure declines steadily each year and is 406% lower than the 1950 figure (3) the United States IMR is still higher than twenty four other nations (1). More importantly, the IMR for black U.S. citizens is over twice the rate of white citizens (6.3 and 14.6 respectively) (4, p 9). The National Commission to Prevent Infant Mortality even calls some regions "disaster areas" (5, p 18). What are the leading causes of infant death, and what areas within the United States are most affected? What preventative measures can ensure a child its first birthday? These questions are addressed herein. In addition, certain National Standards f or Geography are met. Return to Table of Contents Applicable National Standards In 199... ... Rawlings, James S.; Rawlings, Virginia B.; Read, John A. "Prevalence of Low Birthweight and Preterm Delivery in Relation to the Interval between Pregnancies among White and Black Women." The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 332, No 2, 1995, p 69-75. Scott, J. "Black Infant Death Rate 2 Â ½ Times That of Whites." Los Angeles Times, 1991 Nov 15, 110 (347), A35. Steinbrook, R. "Black Infant Deaths Tied to Birthweight." Los Angeles Times, 111 (184), 4 Jun 1992, A26. "Ten Leading Causes of Infant Mortality," Infant Health Statistics. 1997. http://www.mofimes.org/stats/ten.htm (11 April 1998). Ventura, Stephanie J.; Kimberley D. Peters; Joyce A. Martin; Jeffrey D. Maurer. Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol.46, No. 1 Supplement 2, 11 Sept. 1997, p 6. http://www.cdc.gov/nchswww/products/pubs/pubd/mvsr/supp/46-45/46-45.htm (11 April 1998).

Preventing Abortion

Abortion should be prevented Why deny someone a well-deserved life? Abortion is one of the topics that cause more victims in the world, the decision to make it legal or illegal is discussed in several countries and even religious entities. I feel abortion can be prevented because of all the resources that are available today. Depriving someone the chance to live will not fix the problems you have in life, actually it will appear fixed but guilt and consequences will always be part of your life. Having an abortion is mostly a women’s decision, but some circumstances force them to make these decisions.Having an abortion can have several consequences such as depression and stress. Family members involved can have mental instability. The act of abortion is almost always accompanied by suffering. Women who practice it experience emptiness, regret and even sadness. Consciously they may find an immediate solution and a relief for that moment. The most unfortunate consequence, dependi ng on the circumstances in which the abortion was done, may be putting their life in risk and also the risk of not being able to become pregnant again.Awareness is important when having unprotect sexual relations, not only because of undesired pregnancy, but also because of getting sexually transmitted diseases. Today resources are available to protect an undesired pregnancy, including information, medications, birth control and condoms, so this way, the only type of abortion performed are those that could not be prevented, such as rape victims, saving a mother’s life or when the unborn child would have a disease, mental or physical, that would allow them to not have a healthy life.Most discussions about abortion are because of the belief that life begins at conception; however this belief does not have support of medical science or religion traditional. Before Christians did not view abortion as a murder until the conception, which their belief was that a soul enter the body at 40 to 80 days after conception. But later they started to believe that life begins at conception.There are many different points of view about abortion, for example, men and woman will see it differently, education level, marital status, religion, political etc. As a partial solution to reduce abortions, even more resources should be provided to the population. Governments should work together with schools to provide even more healthy and sex information to teenagers so undesired pregnancies would be prevented, reducing the number of abortions and social problems.The Governments should also make more programs available such as school aids, healthy care, and cash assistance that gives women the incentive to keep their children and motivate them to provide as mothers. The government needs to keep finding more ways and resources to prevent unintended pregnancies. Class requirements should be implemented and rules should be loosened to allow teenagers to familiarize themselves with the consequences of unprotected and premarital intercourse.

Prostitution Should Remain Illegal in Australia

harlotry should retain illegal in Australia. By Alex Dimitrijevic whoredom is a dark and atrocious fabrication. Allowing harlotry in Australia give solo expand the depend on assiduity, have an improver in child prostitution, dam mount up the health of the wo custody and also be against many wo manpowers go aways. In company to prevent these damaging changes from happening in our community, the Australian judicature should keep prostitution illegal and possible create a stricter law to foster the women and children.Legalising prostitution means that venues such as brothels, sex clubs and massage parlours leave be available for men and offspring boys to service without many restrictions. These places will be earthize and made to invitem okay because they ar approved by the governing body, when in fact, they be nowhere near okay. They are areas where women are sold and practically rented time after time. These venues are usually located in hidden, dark area s in order to exercise secretly but if they were to be legalised they could potentially be near your childs school, in your local shopping centres or even down the road to you.If you need to keep your children and community safe, prostitution should remain banned. In the prostitution industry the just about preferred workers are late unpolluted women. This category falls under young girls usually in their early teens. The gamy collect of women in the industry will only increase the number of young girls forced to work in these seedy circumstances. It is rare to find young teen girls willing to participate in change their bodies and be used by men twice or triple their age but the industry needs them So they will force and persuade these girls.More terrifying, they will be allowed to, simply because prostitution will be legal by the government that vowed to foster them. Women in the sex industry will be open to sexually transmittable infections by men who demand not to u se protection. A probe in the US shows that 47% of men expected sex without the use of a condom, 73% offered to pay more for sex without a condom and 45% of women admitted to being abused when insisting the use of a condom. This study proves to us that women in the industry risk their health and wellbeing.They get abused for trying to protect themselves and if this activity was to be legalised then the number of patients with sexually transmitted infections would rise and even lead to deaths. These infections would be passed onto the women and back onto the men who were once clean-cut before any intercourse, those men would in all probability pass it onto his wife or girlfriend, and the roulette wheel would continue. The health of many would be at risk, not just the prostitutes. Prostitution is not a preferred vocation by many women.These women are not aware of the dangers they enter in order to earn some money. Many that do enter the industry describe it as their last option. A study shows that 67% of interviewed women did not enter prostitution voluntarily but were forced to. They work in an environment where they are treated alike(p) slaves and paid to do as they are told without arguing. They are forced to perform on men who may be sick, abusive, drunk, cruddy or simply unpleasant and if they were to complain, they would be beaten. This does not sound like a job they would be proud of or looking forward to going.In conclusion, the law against prostitution should remain illegal and possibly stricter to protect the women and young girls forced to work. If this law was to be changed and this dark and dirty act was to be allowed then we would only see damaging changes in our community such as the expansion of the sex industry, increase in child prostitution, damages to the prostitutes and the general publics health and the increase in women being forced to work. The facts and evidence are there for all of us to see and they can only worsen if prostitu tion is legalised.

Salinas V. Texas Essay

FactsTwo brothers were shot and killed in their home. practice of law force recovered shotgun shells that led them to investigate the prayer. The prayer handed over his gun and agreed to go to the jurisprudence force station for questioning. The prayer answered all of the questions the police had, but when it came to the question about the shells matching the petitioners gun he went silent. So the police asked a few more questions to which the petitioner answered. The petitioner did not testify at the trial, so the prosecuting officer used his placidity as evidence of guilt.adjective HistoryPetitioner was convicted of murder and sentenced to 20 years. This was instantaneously sent to the Texas State judicature of Appeals who rejected the argument. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals took up the case and affirmed the alike judgment.IssueWas the petitioners Fifth Amendment proper(ip) violated when prosecutors used his silence as evidence of guilt, when he was not in custod y and had not had his Miranda rights read to him? Holding/ line upNo, because the petitioner did not express that he wanted to invoke his exclusive right to stay silent, and not testify. cerebrateNeither of the two recognized elisions to the invocation necessary applies here. One is that a petitioner is not required to take the stand and assert the privilege against self-incrimination at his own trial. The other is that a witness unsuccessful person to invoke the privilege may be apologize where government coercion made his forfeiture of the privilege involuntary. It is undisputed the petitioners interview with the police was voluntary. He admitted that he was free to leave at any time, so nothing prevented him from saying he refused to answer the polices questions. The third exception was not even considered, because the requirement for this one would be the witness would remain silent and decline to shew an answer that the officerswould suspect incriminating.